List of megaprojects
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This is a list of megaprojects. "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterized by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organizational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".[1] The number of such projects is so large that the list may never be fully completed.
Definitions
Megaprojects may be defined as:
- Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets
- Projects can also be "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".[2]
Megaprojects require care in the project development process to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Examples of megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.
This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.
Aerospace projects
- Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus.
- Antonov An-225 is the longest and heaviest aircraft in service. Only one unit was ever completed.
- Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.
- Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, with 6 decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
- Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
- Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet,[3][4] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
- Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials[5]
- Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
- Convair B-58 Hustler, an all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
- Eurofighter Typhoon, a twin-engine canard–delta wing multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies -- Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and Airbus Defence and Space—working through a holding company, Eurofighter GmbH, that was formed in 1986.[6]
- General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, a twin turbofan, multi-role supersonic fighter-bomber. It was active from 1967 to 2010 in the US and Australia with various roles, including nuclear deterrence and electronic warfare. Initially, it was meant to replace a wide breadth of aircraft in the US Navy and Air Force, but due to cost and suitability issues, it only was ever used as a bomber and jammer aircraft, though it performed very well in these roles.
- General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single seat, single turbofan, high performance, multi-role fighter. It is by far one of the most popular and most common jet fighters in the world, active from 1978 to present with operators in 26 countries.
- Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was the largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane has the dubious distinction of being the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.[7][8]
- F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology.
- Rafale, a French twin-engine delta-wing fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. The Rafale is a multirole combat aircraft capable of undertaking air supremacy, interdiction, reconnaissance, and the airborne nuclear deterrent missions.
- Sukhoi PAK FA/HAL FGFA, two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly being developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Russian and the Indian Air Forces as a combined effort by Russia and India.
- F-35 Lightning II, a fifth-generation, single-seat, single-engine stealth multirole fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin. Variants of the F-35 are planned to replace five classes of combat aircraft that are presently in use with roles as varied as close air support, tactical bombing, and air defense missions.
- Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.[9]
- McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a twin-engine supersonic, all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet, designed to intercept air threats and attack ground targets.
- KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation and launched between 1976 and 1990.
- Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
- Saab JAS 39 Gripen, a Swedish 4.5 generation Multirole jet fighter developed by Saab since 1978. Estimated project cost is US$19 billion.[10]
- Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1970.
- Tupolev Tu-160, the world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. (The North American XB-70 Valkyrie had a higher empty weight and maximum speed but never entered production.)
- Chengdu J-20, a fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).
Disaster cleanup
Construction of the new confinement structure for the nuclear reactor that melted down at Chernobyl in Ukraine.
Bags of oily waste are piled up during the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.
While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few man-made disasters.
- The Chernobyl New Safe Confinement is being built to enclose the #4 reactor that was destroyed in the Chernobyl disaster of 1986.
- The Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing, and includes the removal of spent nuclear fuel stored at the site of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
- Cleaning up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Exxon Valdez oil spill, and AZF chemical factory explosion were megaprojects.
- Storing nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository is designed to prevent a disaster from leaking nuclear waste.
- Many hurricanes and typhoons have caused extensive damage and required large cleanup efforts, the largest of which included projects that targeted the damaged infrastructure. The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes covers the ones in the Atlantic region, including Hurricane Katrina from 2005.
- Many earthquakes (and resultant tsunamis) have caused enough damage to infrastructure that enormous projects were undertaken. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami are some of the most notorious and recent events that led to a megaproject.
- Flooding is the cause of many disasters. Some have caused enough damage that a megaproject would be used to recover. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and the 2011 Mississippi River floods are examples.
- Volcano eruptions rarely affect major industrial area, but the cleanup and recovery from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in rural Washington State was of megaproject proportions.
- The New York City rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks, nearing completion, are the result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center site.
- Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.
Energy projects
See also: Oil megaprojects, List of largest power stations in the world, and List of solar power stations
Main article: Nuclear power in the European Union
EDF has said its third-generation EPR Flamanville 3 project (seen here in 2010) will be delayed until 2018, due to "both structural and economic reasons," and the project's total cost has climbed to EUR 11 billion in 2012.[11] Similarly, the cost of the EPR being built at Olkiluoto, Finland has escalated dramatically, and the project is well behind schedule. The initial low cost forecasts for these megaprojects exhibited "optimism bias".[12]
- Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric facility in the world, China.
- China will spend $370 billion in 2015-25 on atomic energy[13]
- Kemper Project, or Kemper County Energy Facility, is the world's first Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration. The project is currently under construction, and is expected to open the first half of 2016, nearly two years behind schedule. It is the first IGCC CCS project to have entered into the construction phase.[14]
- Boundary Dam Power Station, the world's first large-scale, coal-fired Carbon Capture & Storage plant.[15]
- Tres Amigas SuperStation, a superconducting interconnection to connect the Eastern Interconnection to the Western Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection, planned to be completed in 2016. This will effectively connect nearly all electrical grids in North America.
- Olkiluoto 3, a nuclear power-plant in Eurajoki, Finland.
- Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station, is a project to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years, at an existing nuclear power plant in Jenkinsville, South Carolina.
- Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, is a project to construct two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant in Waynesboro, Georgia.
| Name | Capacity (MW) |
Location | Year Completed Info |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar Star I and II | 579 | USA | 2015[16] |
| Topaz Solar Farm | 550 | California, USA | 2014 |
| Desert Sunlight Solar Farm | 550 | California, USA | 2015 |
| Longyangxia Dam Solar Park | 320 | Qinghai, China | 2013 |
| California Valley Solar Ranch | 292 | California, USA | 2013 |
| Agua Caliente Solar Project | 290 | Arizona, USA | 2014 |
| Name | Capacity (MW) |
Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivanpah Solar Power Facility | 392 | Mojave Desert, California, USA | Operational since February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas. |
| Solar Energy Generating Systems | 354 | Mojave Desert, California, USA | Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of 9 units. |
| Mojave Solar Project | 280 | Barstow, California, USA | Completed December 2014 |
| Solana Generating Station | 280 | Gila Bend, Arizona, USA | Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage |
| Genesis Solar Energy Project | 250 | Blythe, California, USA | Completed April 2014 |
Science projects
CMS detector for LHC
- Atacama Large Millimeter Array
- Compact Linear Collider (plan)
- Copernicus programme, €8.4 Billion European satellite project for global, total and permanent earth observations.
- Envisat, an Earth observation satellite of European Space Agency (2002–2012)
- European Extremely Large Telescope, worlds largest optical to mid infrared telescope.
- European Spallation Source, strongest ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development.
- European x-ray free electron laser, in Germany, plan operating in 2017 and used for material research.
- Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, in Germany (2012–)[17]
- Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic sequence (1990-2003) - cost $14.5bn, but generated an output of $965bn, personal income exceeding $293bn and more than 4.3 million job-years of employment[18]
- India-based Neutrino Observatory (plan)
- International Linear Collider (plan)
- ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (2008-ongoing)
- Large Hadron Collider, a 14 TeV CERN particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-ongoing)
- Advanced LIGO, a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect gravitational waves, with total cost more than US$1 billion.[19]
- Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945) - 30bn in 2012 dollars[20]
- National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-ongoing)
- Neutrino Factory (plan)[21]
- Square Kilometre Array in South Africa
- Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
- Tevatron 1 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983)
- Thirty Meter Telescope,
- Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory in the US
- Materials Genome Initiative and advanced manufacturing partnership
- Wendelstein 7-X, an experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) built in Greifswald, Germany.
Spaceflight projects
Apollo Program Saturn V awaiting launch
- Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (2011– )[22]
- Apollo program (1960–1975) - 203.4 bn in 2015 dollars[23]
- Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics, a planned X-ray telescope being developed by ESA which will launch in 2028.
- Avatar RLV, Indian version of the Space Shuttle, being developed by the DRDO and ISRO.
- Buran program, canceled Soviet space shuttle program (1980–1993)
- Cassini–Huygens, a joint NASA/ESA/ASI spacecraft mission studying the planet Saturn and its many natural satellites since 2004. The total cost of this project is about $3.26 billion.[24]
- Chandrayaan program, a lunar exploration program of ISRO of India.
- Compass navigation system, an independent system of satellite navigation by People's Republic of China (Est. 2015–2017)
- Constellation program, cancelled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
- Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission, an interplanetary mission in development by NASA comprising an orbiter and a lander to study Europa moon. (2022-)
- Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, a L3 class mission by ESA designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.
- Gaia (spacecraft), an ESA's mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way. ($1 billion[25])
- Galileo (spacecraft), a mission to Jupiter (1989–2003) ($1.5 billion as 2003.[26][27])
- Galileo Navigation Satellite System, a European Union and European Space Agency global satellite navigation system (Est. 2014)
- Global Positioning System, a global satellite navigation system created by the United States Air Force (1994)
- GLONASS, the Russian equivalent of GPS (1995)
- Herschel Space Observatory, ESA space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands (€1,1 billion[28])
- Hubble Space Telescope
- International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998–), 150bn in 2010 dollars[29]
- Interplanetary Transport System, a privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars (2016- )
- NAVIC, the Indian equivalent of GPS developed by ISRO.
- James Webb Space Telescope (under construction, cost $8.8 billion in 2013[30])
- Juno (spacecraft), a NASA New Frontiers mission to the planet Jupiter (2011– )
- Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, a planned mission to Jupiter (Est. 2022)
- Kennedy Space Center, The Main Spaceport in the USA.
- Mangalyaan, A Mars mission from ISRO of India. It is the first nation to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.
- Mars Science Laboratory, $2.5 billion[31]
- Mars 2020, a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program with a planned launch in 2020.
- Mir, Russian space station (1986–2001)
- Orion (spacecraft), a planned spacecraft that is being built by Lockheed Martin for NASA
- Planck (spacecraft), an ESA's mission to observing cosmic microwave background
- Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962–1969)
- Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle (2011– )
- Space Shuttle program (1972–2011) - 203.6 bn in 2015 dollars[32]
- Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope, a planned wide field infrared space telescope by NASA.
Sports and culture projects
- 1976 Summer Olympics, Canada, C$1.6 billion total cost
- 2008 Summer Olympics, China, $40 billion
- 2012 Summer Olympics, United Kingdom, $15.2 billion
- 2014 Winter Olympics, Russia, $51 billion
- 2016 Summer Olympics, Brazil, $16.3 billion
- 2010 Commonwealth Games, India, $9.7 billion. Most expensive Commonwealth Games ever, held in Delhi, India.
- Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions.
- The current Yankee Stadium in New York City cost approximately $2.3 billion.
- The four newest National Football League stadiums—MetLife Stadium near New York City, AT&T Stadium in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area, and U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis—each cost over US$1 billion. Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, set to open in 2017, is also expected to cost over $1 billion. The upcoming City of Champions Stadium near Los Angeles, planned to open in 2019, is estimated to cost nearly $2.7 billion.
- The only cultural arena known to have exceeded $1 billion is Elbe Philharmonic Hall. Some of the most expensive are Copenhagen Opera House and Philharmonie de Paris, both at $500 million.
Transport infrastructure
Main article: List of transport megaprojects
Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects. Waterways and canals, and the locks that connect them, are frequently major undertakings as well.
Planned cities and urban renewal projects
Las Vegas CityCenter, the largest set of resorts in the largest gambling center in the world.
Brickell Key in Miami.
Navi Mumbai, the world's largest planned city.
Verclaire Gate South in Downtown Markham.
Africa
North Africa
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madinaty | Egypt | Under development | $10,000,000,000 | Expected to open by 2014, houses 600,000 population |
| Proposed new capital of Egypt | Egypt | Proposed | $45,000,000,000 | Expected to open by 2022, houses 250,000 population |
Southern Africa
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modderfontein — New Gauteng City | South Africa | Under development | $7,800,000,000 | Modderfontein infrastructure development of residential, industrial and commercial space by Chinese developer Shanghai Zendai. Start dated 2015 completion dated 15 to 20 years later.[34][35] |
West Africa
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abuja | Nigeria | Completed | The planned capital city of Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, and has since witnessed a huge influx of people into the city. As at 2006, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria, with an estimated metropolitan population of well over three million. Abuja is currently amongst the four largest urban areas in Nigeria.[36] | |
| Asokoro Island | Abuja, Nigeria | Under development | $1,000,000,000 | A peninsula development located in Asokoro district, in Abuja. The mixed-use development is approximately 60 hectares of land, located at the shores of Pendam Lake. Its residential development ranges from apartment buildings to villas. They are majorly luxury properties with private balconies, mezzanines, floor-to-ceiling windows, swimming pool and sun terrace etc. The commercial and work section presents hotels, offices, shopping malls, business and primary schools.[37] |
| Centenary City | Abuja, Nigeria | Under development | $18,000,000,000 | Project by the Nigerian Government, Eagle Hills of Abu Dhabi and Julius Berger Nigeria PLC to build a smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. Project broke ground on June 19, 2014 and has an anticipated timeline of 10 to 15 years to completion. The city, which is located in the Federal Capital Territory, anticipates over 400,000 residents.[38] |
| Eko Atlantic | Nigeria | Under development | $6,000,000,000 | A planned city of Lagos State, Nigeria, being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. The project broke ground in 2007 and is being spearheaded by South Energyx Nigeria Ltd. Upon completion the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters.[39] |
| FESTAC Phase 2 | Lagos, Nigeria | Under development | $2,400,000,000 | In 2014, The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development signed deal with the New Festac Property Development Company, to develop the second phase of Festac Town. Since the award, the company has been carrying out extensive preliminary project development activities including surveys, field studies, site investigation, environmental impact assessment, and town planning for the project.[40] |
| Lekki | Nigeria | Under development | A peninsula city which is 755 square kilometres. Lekki Phase 1 has been completed and it currently houses several Estates and gated residential developments; other phases of the project include, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, with an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate well over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.[41] |
Asia
East Asia
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Songdo International Business District | Incheon, South Korea | Under development | $40,000,000,000 | To be the model of a lifestyle merged with wide area network. |
| Roppongi Hills | Tokyo, Japan | Completed | $4,000,000,000 | One of Japan's largest integrated property developments. |
Middle East
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes
- |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdali Project[42][43] | Amman, Jordan | Under development | $5,000,000,000 | Project is being developed on 384,000 square metres (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 square metres (0.66 sq mi) consisting of hotels, apartments, offices, commercial outlets and entertainment.[42][43] |
| Dubai Meydan City | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development | $2,200,000,000 | |
| Falconcity of Wonders | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development | $36,500,000,000 | |
| Masjid Al-Haram | Mecca, Saudi arabia | Under development | $100,000,000,000 | The Saudi government is reportedly paying as high as 500,000 Saudi riyals (around $133,000) per square meter to the owners of the buildings close to the mosque in return for the expropriation. This brings the total figure to around $100 billion. |
| Business Bay | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development | $30,000,000,000 | Comprises 240 high and low rise buildings, mostly residential and mixed use skyscrapers. |
| Jeddah Economic City | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Under development | $20,000,000,000 | Will host both commercial and residential development including homes, hotels, and offices. The centerpiece of the development project will be Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world. |
| Masdar City | United Arab Emirates | Under development | $22,000,000,000 | The city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology and will be a car free city. |
| King Abdullah Economic City | Saudi Arabia | Under development | $86,000,000,000 |
Development in progress. |
| Lusail | Qatar | Under development | $45,000,000,000 | Planned to be a host city of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, planned population of 260,000 people |
| The World | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | On-hold | $14,000,000,000 | Artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map. |
| Madinat al-Hareer | Kuwait | Under development | $94,000,000,000 | Proposed 250 km2 (62,000-acre) planned urban area in Subiya, Kuwait, an area just opposite Kuwait City. |
| Palm Jumeirah | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Completed | $12,300,000,000 | It is the world's largest man-made island. |
| Dubai Marina | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Completed | World's largest man-made marina, with 200 residential and hotel high rises. | |
| Palm Jebel Ali | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | On-hold | Will accommodate over 250,000 people by 2020. | |
| Palm Deira | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | On-hold | Will be the largest palm island, in Dubai. | |
| Yas Island | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | Under development | $36,000,000,000 | It occupies a total land area of 2,500 ha (25 km2), of which 1,700 ha will be claimed for development. The island holds the Yas Marina Circuit, which hosts the Formula One United Arab Emirates Grand Prix since 2009. |
| Dubai International City | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | On-hold | $95,000,000,000 | A country-themed architecture of residences, business, and tourist attractions. |
| Jumeirah Garden City | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | On-hold | $95,000,000,000 | Will be built across an area north of Sheikh Zayed Road between Diyafa Street and Safa Park. |
| Dubai Waterfront | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development | Expected to become the largest waterfront and largest man-made development in the world. | |
| Dubailand | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development | $64,300,000,000 | Will be world's largest Retail and Entertainment World, twice the size of Walt Disney World Resort, it include 45 mega projects and 200 sub projects. Currently, there are 22 projects under development. |
South Asia
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) | Area from Kashgar, China to South coast of Pakistan | Under development | $46,000,000,000 | aims to connect Gwadar Port in southwestern Pakistan to China’s northwestern autonomous region of Xinjiang, via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas.[44] The economic corridor is considered central to China–Pakistan relations and will run about 3,000 km from Gwadar to Kashgar. Other than transport infrastructure, the economic corridor will provide Pakistan with telecommunications and energy infrastructure. The project also aims to improve intelligence sharing between the countries. |
| Pak-US Knowledge Corridor | Pakistan and United St | Under development | Pak-Us Knowledge Corridor (PUKC) is a minister-proposed mega project. This project was proposed by Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal, the term US-Pakistan Knowledge Corridor, he used to boost cooperation between Pakistan and America in education sector. | |
| Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor | Area from Delhi to Mumbai, India | Under development | $90,000,000,000 | Conceived as a global manufacturing and trading hub, the project is expected to double employment potential, triple industrial output and quadruple exports from the region in five years. The total employment to be generated from the project is 3 million, the bulk of which will be in the manufacturing/processing sectors. The project initially aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the dedicated freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai. |
| Colombo Port City | Colombo, Sri Lanka | Under development | $15,000,000,000 | A planned offshore city in Colombo, Sri Lanka which is to be built on reclaimed land adjacent to the Galle Face Green. The city will use construction resources from the Colombo Harbour Expansion Project, currently under construction near the site of this proposed city.[45] |
| Islamabad | Pakistan | Completed | The new capital city of Pakistan. A planned city located on north of Rawalpindi. The city has population of 2.2 million.[46] | |
| DHA City, Karachi (DCK) | Karachi, Pakistan | Under development | The green and sustainable city is to be built on a 4,700 hectares piece of virgin land located several kilometres northeast of Karachi.[47] Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters.[48] | |
| Mubarak Center and new Central Business District at Gulberg | Lahore, Pakistan | Under development | $3,200,000,000 | A new Central Business District for the city of Lahore to be built at land previously occupied by Walton Airport which will provide Lahore with a modern set of skyscrapers while the city itself retains most of its original architecture and historical character.[49] |
| LDA City | Lahore, Pakistan | Under development | LDA City is the biggest housing society project ever undertaken by LDA,[50] and is the largest housing society in Punjab, Pakistan. The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectares (7560 acres) piece of virgin land located several kilometres south of Lahore. | |
| Navi Mumbai | India | Completed | World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million.[51] | |
| Ravi Riverfront Development Project | Lahore, Pakistan | Under development | $7,000,000,000 | Sprawling over an area of 70,000 acres, the RRDZ project entails high-quality residential, commercial, institutional, cultural and recreational zones along both sides of the river at a stretch of 33 km.[52] The riverfront will be dotted with highrise condominiums, modern piers, boardwalks and 70 per cent area dedicated to trees to make it environment friendly.[53] Around 25,000 acres of riverfront would be sold to investors for business, cultural and lifestyle activities.[54] |
| Gujarat International Finance Tec-City | India | Under development | $20,000,000,000 | The smart city is being built as a global financial hub to provide world class infrastructure for the Indian financial industry to grow.[55] When completed, it will outclass France's La Défense, Tokyo's Shinjuku and London's London Docklands in every aspect.[56] It is expected to be finished by 2017–2018. |
| SmartCity, Kochi | Kochi, India | Under development | $1,000,000,000 (for the 1st phase) | First phase of project to be completed by 2020.[57] |
South East Asia
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clark Green City | Pampanga, Philippines | Under construction | $59,288,000,000 | The 9,450-hectare master-planned property will be the Philippines’ most modern and the first technologically-integrated city with a mix of residential, commercial, agro-industrial, institutional and information technology developments. Modeled after South Korea's Songdo City, with sustainable buildings and efficient power and energy use operated by Singapore's SSR C-Solar power plant. |
| Putrajaya | Malaysia | Completed | $8,100,000,000 | |
| Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project | Malaysia | Under development | $50,000,000,000 | A part of another mega project to transform Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur into one big Megapolis called as Greater Kuala Lumpur. |
| Eastwood City | Quezon City, Philippines | Completed | Ongoing project of MegaWorld Corporation, one of the biggest real-estate companies in the Philippines. | |
| Pagcor City | Manila Bay, Philippines | Under development | $15,000,000,000 | A casino and entertainment hub project, dubbed as the "Philippines' Las Vegas". |
| Bonifacio Global City | Philippines | Completed | A new CBD area for Metro Manila, previously occupied by the Philippine Army headquarters. | |
| BSD City | Greater Jakarta, Indonesia | Completed | An area half the size of Paris,encompasses an area of about 6000 hectares BSD City is the most ambitious urban planning scheme in Indonesia to combine housing, business and commercial properties. | |
| Pluit City | Jakarta Bay, Indonesia | Under development | Standing on 160 hectares of artificial/reclaimed land, located on an open water at Jakarta Bay,Pluit City is a stunning modern city that will become a valuable addition to the capital city of Jakarta. | |
| Pantai Indah Kapuk | Jakarta, Indonesia | Completed | Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is a well-planned model town in North Jakarta,spreading over 1200 hectares of land. | |
| Ancol Dreamland | Jakarta, Indonesia | Completed | Ancol Dreamland is currently the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia with an area of about 600 hectares, boasting an international championship golf course, a theme park,an oceanarium,a convention centre,beaches,hotels and other recreational facilities. | |
| Lippo Cikarang | Greater Jakarta, Indonesia | Completed | $18,750,000,000 | Lippo Cikarang is an industrial park with an area of 332 hectares, which also has apartment, hotel, office, shopping center, retail, school and university, hospital, convention center and other supporting facilities. |
Europe
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| İstanbul Finance Center | İstanbul, Turkey | Under development | $5,000,000,000 | Apart from the main urban renewal project of İstanbul. It will station in Ataşehir |
| Turkey Urban Renewal Project | Turkey | Under development | $400,000,000,000[58][59] | Renewals are being conducted all over Turkey but mainly on İstanbul[60] as Law 6306 announced by Ministry of Environment and City Planning (Turkey).[61] Fikirtepe, a neighborhood of Kadıköy has been chosen as pilot area for project.[62] |
| Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment | Berlin, Germany | Completed | Project divided onto four parts in which four investors bids in turn. | |
| CTBA - Madrid Financial District | Madrid, Spain | Completed | est. $1,000,000,000 | A complex of four skyscrapers, each about 240 metres high, located on one of Madrid's most expensive avenua, La Castellana. The towers were built on Real Madrid's former Ciudad Deportiva, and were completed in 2008. The tallest building is Torre Cepsa, designed by world-famous architect Norman Foster, and has a height of 249 metres, making it Spain's tallest structure. |
| Bilbao Renovation Project | Bilbao, Spain | Completed | In the 1990s, the city began a desindustralisation process, which radically changed its image. After closing several factories and decontaminating the city's river, several megaprojects were built. A whole new airport, designed by Spanish world'-amous architect Santiago Calatrava, a metro system designed by British Lord Norman Foster, a recovery of the city's old fashioned tram network changed the city's public transport system. The Iberdrola Tower, which is Bilbao's tallest building, the Alhondiga, the Zubizuri bridge and several other significant buildings changed the city center's polluted past. The whole renovation process started because of the construction of The Guggemheim Museum Of Bilbao, the city's landmark and main museum. | |
| La Défense | Paris, France | Completed | The Central Business District of the Paris Metropolitan area, La Défense provides France with a modern set of skyscrapers while Paris itself retains most of its original architecture and character. | |
| Khazar Islands | Azerbaijan | Under development | $100,000,000,000 | Artificial archipelago 25 km (16 mi) south of Baku, Azerbaijan consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares (about 11.6 sq mi) over the Caspian Sea. Expected to be finished by 2020–2025, and house a population of 1 million. |
| HafenCity | Hamburg, Germany | Under development | Completion expected in 2020–2030 | |
| Stratford City | London, United Kingdom | Under development | £3,500,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2020. |
| Movement of Kiruna Centrum | Kiruna, Sweden | Under development | $2,100,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2013. |
| Esplanada City Center | Bucharest, Romania | Cancelled | $4,200,000,000 | |
| Big City Plan | Birmingham, United Kingdom | Under development | $17,000,000,000 | |
| Okhta Center | Saint Petersburg, Russia | Cancelled | $2,500,000,000 | Never built, will be replaced by the new project Lakhta Center |
| Moscow International Business Center | Moscow, Russia | Under development | $12,000,000,000 |
Latin America
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bogota Urban Renewal | Colombia | Under development | $50,000,000,000 | One of the most ambitious projects in Latin American history. Includes building over 60 skyscrapers, 500 highrises, 3 new CBDs, a subway system, and a smart city near Usaquén. The project is meant to establish Bogota as the financial, industrial, and technological capital of Latin America. |
| Brasília | Brazil | Completed | At the close of the 20th century, Brasília held the distinction of being the largest city in the world which had not existed at the beginning of the century.[63] | |
| Cancún | Quintana Roo, Mexico | Completed | One of main tourist destinations in the world. | |
| Porto Maravilha | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Under development | $35,700,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2015. |
| Santa Fe, Mexico City | Mexico City, Mexico | Completed | Before the city dump, today one of largest CBDs in the world. |
North America
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CityCenter | Las Vegas, United States | Completed | $11,000,000,000 | The largest privately financed development in the United States. |
| Brickell Key | Miami, United States | Completed | ||
| Riverside South | New York City, United States | Under development | $3,000,000,000 | |
| Atlantic Yards | New York City, United States | Under construction | The project's centerpiece, Barclays Center, opened in September 2012. | |
| Battery Park City | New York City, United States | Completed | ||
| Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project | New York City, United States | Under development | $20,000,000,000 | |
| Rebuilding of the World Trade Center | New York City, United States | Under development | Recovery from the September 11 attacks. | |
| Downtown Markham | Markham, Canada | Under development | One of the many city center projects in York Region. |
Oceania
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barangaroo | Sydney, Australia | Under development | $6,000,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2023 |
| Central Station to Eveleigh Airspace Development | Sydney, Australia | Proposed | $10,000,000,000 | Extension of Sydney's CBD. The renewal corridor approximately 3 km in length.[64] |
| Rebuilding of Christchurch | New Zealand | Under development | $17,000,000,000 | Recovery from earthquakes in 2010–2011. Rebuild of central business district, demolition and remediation of several residential neighbourhoods now deemed unsuitable for building. Infrastructure upgrades and addition of commuter rail. Entire project to be completed by 2020. |
Water-related
- Nicaragua Canal
- Intracoastal Waterway
- Panama Canal
- Suez Canal
- Delta Works
- Zuiderzee Works
- South–North Water Transfer Project, water from South to North China. $79 billion spent.[65]
See also
References
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- ↑ Altshuler, Alan; Luberoff, David (30 April 2003). Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-0129-3.
- ↑ "Woman to build house out of 747". BBC News. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
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- ↑ Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. & Forbes Smith, C. (2005). Boeing 787 Dreamliner – Flying Redefined. Aerospace Technical Publications International. ISBN 0-9752341-2-9.
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- ↑ 30 år med Jas – vad har det kostat | ETC - Nyhetstidningen från vänster
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- ↑ Mancini, Mauro and Locatelli, Giorgio and Sainati, Tristano (2015). The divergence between actual and estimated costs in large industrial and infrastructure projects: is nuclear special? In: Nuclear new build: insights into financing and project management. Nuclear Energy Agency, pp. 177-188.
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- ↑ "Kemper County: constructing the world's firstIGCC with CCS" (PDF). kbr.com. KBR.
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- ↑ George Musser (May 2011). "Cosmic-Ray Detector on Space Shuttle Set to Scan Cosmos for Dark Matter". Scientific American. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
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- ↑ "Cassini Solstice Mission-FAQs". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
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- ↑ Kathy Sawyer (17 December 1991). “Galileo Antenna Apparently Still Stuck”. Washington Post: A14; Kathy Sawyer (18 December 1991). “$1.4 Billion Galileo Mission Appears Crippled.” Washington Post: A3 in Mission to Jupiter. p.180.
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- ↑ "Technical Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". NASA-JWST. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
- ↑ D. Leone. "MSL Readings Could Improve Safety for Human Mars Missions". Space News. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
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- ↑ "World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa". Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ↑ "Shanghai Zendai Plans $7.8 Billion 'New York of Africa'". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ↑ "Work begins on South Africa's R84bn smart city". Brand South Africa. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ↑ "Get To Know Abuja". Abuja City. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ↑ "Asokoro Island: Abuja's new, exclusive destination for luxury living". Market Watch. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ↑ "FG urges Nigerians in Diaspora to invest in Centenary City". Vanguard Newspapers. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ↑ "Centenary City Abuja – What to Expect". Estate Intel. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ↑ Njoku, Jude (16 September 2014). "FG, developer sign deal on Festac Phase 2". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ↑ "Nigeria: Development Plan Dismisses Threats to Lekki/Victoria Island's Real Estate Prospects". allafrica.com. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- 1 2 "Jordan's $5 billion Abdali project: serious investment potential". Retrieved 2015-08-21.
- 1 2 "Shiny new downtown launched in Amman". Retrieved 2015-08-21.
- ↑ "Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight". The Express Tribune. 2 March 2015.
- ↑ "Colombo Port City: White Elephant? Affront to human rights? - Sri Lanka Campaign for Peace and Justice". Sri Lanka Campaign for Peace and Justice. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
- ↑ http://www.visitislamabad.net/islamabad/files/file-detail.asp?var=history-of-islamabad
- ↑ http://dhatoday.com/sustainable-transportation-in-dha-city-karachi-dck-all-you-need-to-know/
- ↑ http://dhakarachi.org/dhacity/index.aspx
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tom9uPy4lQo
- ↑ http://www.dawn.com/news/1155868
- ↑ Appraisal of City Development Plan - Navi Mumbai. National Institute of Urban Affairs, 2008.
- ↑ http://pkpolitics.com/discuss/topic/10-billion-ravi-river-front-project-launched
- ↑ http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=151827&heading=Pakistan
- ↑ http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-227431-New-city-project-in-Lahore-suburbs-on-the-anvil
- ↑ "10 infrastructure projects India can be proud of". ArabianIndustry.com.
- ↑ "Concept - GIFT Gujarat,Gujarat International Tec City,Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT)". giftgujarat.in.
- ↑ Staff Reporter (3 July 2013). "SmartCity to be completed in six years, says project official". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ↑ "kentsel_donusumun_maliyeti_ne_kadar_ konut insaat 1543567 html Haberleri ve kentsel_donusumun_maliyeti_ne_kadar_ konut insaat 1543567 html Geli艧meleri - Milliyet". milliyet.com.tr.
- ↑ "Kentsel Dönüşümün Maliyeti Ne Kadar?". eypyapi.com.
- ↑ "Kentsel dönüşüm için 400 proje". ekonomi.haberturk.com. 18 May 2012.
- ↑ "T.C. ÇEVRE ve ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI - Altyapı ve Kentsel Dönüşüm Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü". csb.gov.tr.
- ↑ ABDULKADİR CEMBEKLİ (7 September 2013). "Fikirtepe'de 40 milyar liralık kentsel dönüşüm başlıyor". ZAMAN.
- ↑ Brasília in the World (English)
- ↑ "Sydney Central Station Airspace Redevelopment, NSW". Webb Australia.
- ↑ "China's Water Crisis Made Worse by Policy Failures". World Affairs Journal.
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