List of federal judges appointed by John Adams

President John Adams saw most of his appointments undone when the circuit courts to which they were appointed were abolished.

It is without question that the most significant impact John Adams had on the judiciary was the appointment of Chief Justice John Marshall.

William Cranch was later elevated by Thomas Jefferson to Chief Judge of the District of Columbia Circuit, and was one of the longest-serving federal judges in U.S. history.

Elijah Paine was one of two District Court judges appointed by Adams whose service surpassed the forty year mark.

Following is a list of all United States federal judges appointed by President John Adams during his presidency.^[1] In total Adams appointed 23 judges, including three Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States (including one Chief Justice), sixteen judges to the United States circuit courts, and four judges to the United States district courts. Fourteen of the sixteen circuit court judges appointed by Adams were to positions created at the end of his tenure in office, in the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, which became known as the Midnight Judges Act. All of these offices were abolished by the repeal of this Act on July 1, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132. The remaining two were to judgeships for the District of Columbia, authorized under a different Act of Congress, not the Judiciary Act.

However, Adams made an indelible impact on the judiciary with the appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice.

United States Supreme Court Justices

Justice	Seat	State	Began active service	Ended active service
Marshall, JohnJohn Marshall	Chief Justice	Virginia	000000001801-01-31-0000January 31, 1801	000000001835-07-06-0000July 6, 1835
Moore, AlfredAlfred Moore	Seat 5	North Carolina	000000001799-12-10-0000December 10, 1799	000000001804-01-26-0000January 26, 1804
Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington	Seat 1	Virginia	000000001798-09-29-0000September 29, 1798^{[Note 1]}	000000001829-11-26-0000November 26, 1829

Also appointed, but declined: John Jay (Chief Justice).

Circuit courts

Judge	Circuit	Began active service	Ended active service
Bassett, RichardRichard Bassett	Third	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Benson, EgbertEgbert Benson	Second	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Bourne, BenjaminBenjamin Bourne	First	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Clay, Jr., JosephJoseph Clay, Jr.	Fifth	000000001801-02-24-0000February 24, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Cranch, WilliamWilliam Cranch	D.C.	000000001801-03-03-0000March 3, 1801	000000001806-02-24-0000February 24, 1806^{[Note 2]}
Griffith, WilliamWilliam Griffith	Third	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Hitchcock, SamuelSamuel Hitchcock	Second	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Key, Philip BartonPhilip Barton Key	Fourth	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Lowell, JohnJohn Lowell	First	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-05-06-0000May 6, 1802
Magill, CharlesCharles Magill	Fourth	000000001801-03-03-0000March 3, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Marshall, James MarkhamJames Markham Marshall	D.C.	000000001801-03-03-0000March 3, 1801	000000001803-11-16-0000November 16, 1803
McClung, WilliamWilliam McClung	Sixth	000000001801-02-24-0000February 24, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Smith, JeremiahJeremiah Smith	First	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Taylor, George KeithGeorge Keith Taylor	Fourth	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802
Tilghman, WilliamWilliam Tilghman	Third	000000001801-03-03-0000March 3, 1801	000000001802-03-08-0000March 8, 1802
Wolcott, Jr., OliverOliver Wolcott, Jr.	Second	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001802-07-01-0000July 1, 1802

Also appointed, but declined: Thomas Bee (5th circuit), Jared Ingersoll (3rd circuit), Thomas Johnson (D.C. circuit), Charles Lee (4th circuit), and John Sitgreaves (5th circuit).

District courts

Judge	Court ^{[Note 3]}	Began active service	Ended active service
Davis, JohnJohn Davis	D. Mass.	000000001801-02-20-0000February 20, 1801	000000001841-07-10-0000July 10, 1841
Hobart, John SlossJohn Sloss Hobart	D.N.Y.	000000001798-04-12-0000April 12, 1798	000000001805-02-04-0000February 4, 1805
Paine, ElijahElijah Paine	D. Vt.	000000001801-03-03-0000March 3, 1801	000000001842-04-01-0000April 1, 1842
Winchester, JamesJames Winchester	D. Md.	000000001799-10-31-0000October 31, 1799^{[Note 4]}	000000001806-04-05-0000April 5, 1806

Notes

↑ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 19, 1798, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 20, 1798, and received commission on December 20, 1798.
↑ Elevated to Chief Judges by Thomas Jefferson on February 24, 1806; thereafter served until September 1, 1855. Because of the unique structure of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, Thomas Jefferson's elevation of William Cranch to chief judge of the Court is considered a separate appointment.
↑ See List of United States district and territorial courts
↑ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 8, 1799, confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1799, and received commission on December 10, 1799.

References

"Judges of the United States Courts". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2009-04-03.

↑ Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, passim.

Sources

Federal Judicial Center

John Adams

2nd President of the United States, 1797–1801 1st Vice President of the United States, 1789–1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1785–1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1782–1788 Delegate, Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778 Delegate, First Continental Congress, 1774

Founding of the United States	Braintree Instructions (1765) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus; A History of the Dispute with America, From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time (1775) Thoughts on Government (1776) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts (1780) Treaty of Paris, 1783

Presidency	Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address (1797 1798 1799 1800) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments

Other writings	Massachusetts Historical Society holdings

Life and homes	Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University Presidents House, Philadelphia Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite

Elections	United States presidential election 1788–1789 1792 1796 1800

Legacy	Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial

Popular culture	Profiles in Courage (1964 series) American Primitive (1969 play) 1776 (1969 musical 1972 film) The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries) Liberty! (1997 documentary series) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2001 book 2008 miniseries) Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)

Related	Adams and Liberty campaign song Adams' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots

Family	Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith (daughter) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams (son) Thomas Boylston Adams (son) George W. Adams (grandson) Charles Adams Sr. (grandson) John Adams II (grandson) John Q. Adams (great-grandson) Henry Adams (great-grandson) Brooks Adams (great-grandson) John Adams Sr. (father) Susanna Boylston (mother) Elihu Adams (brother) Samuel Adams (second cousin) Louisa Adams daughter-in-law First Lady

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