List of Presidents of the United States

"Presidents of the United States", "American Presidents", and "U.S. Presidents" redirect here. For the C-SPAN series, see American Presidents: Life Portraits. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person).

Since the office was established in 1789, 43 people have served as president. The first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th president. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] The current president is Barack Obama, and the president-elect is Donald Trump,[2] whose term of office will commence on January 20, 2017.

Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency intra-term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office. Later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, an intra-term vacancy was left unfilled.

List of presidents

  Nonpartisan       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican       National Union
Presidency[lower-alpha 1] President Prior position[lower-alpha 2] Party Election Vice President
1 [lower-alpha 3]
April 30, 1789

March 4, 1797
George Washington
17321799
(Lived: 67 years)
[10][11][12]
Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army

(17751783)
  Nonpartisan
[13]
1
(178889)
John Adams
[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
2
(1792)
2 March 4, 1797

March 4, 1801
John Adams
17351826
(Lived: 90 years)
[14][15][16]
1st
Vice President of the United States
Federalist 3
(1796)
Thomas Jefferson
[lower-alpha 6]
3 March 4, 1801

March 4, 1809
Thomas Jefferson
17431826
(Lived: 83 years)
[17][18][19]
2nd
Vice President of the United States
Democratic-
Republican
4
(1800)
Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 March 4, 1805
5
(1804)
George Clinton
March 4, 1805 March 4, 1809
4 March 4, 1809

March 4, 1817
James Madison
17511836
(Lived: 85 years)
[20][21][22]
5th
United States Secretary of State

(18011809)
Democratic-
Republican
6
(1808)
George Clinton
March 4, 1809 April 20, 1812
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Clinton's term)
7
(1812)
Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 November 23, 1814
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Gerry's term)
5 March 4, 1817

March 4, 1825
James Monroe
17581831
(Lived: 73 years)
[23][24][25]
7th
United States Secretary of State

(18111817)
Democratic-
Republican
8
(1816)
Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6 March 4, 1825

March 4, 1829
John Quincy Adams
17671848
(Lived: 80 years)
[26][27][28]
8th
United States Secretary of State

(18171825)
Democratic-
Republican
10
(1824)
John C. Calhoun
7 March 4, 1829

March 4, 1837
Andrew Jackson
17671845
(Lived: 78 years)
[29][30][31]
U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(18231825)
Democratic 11
(1828)
John C. Calhoun
[lower-alpha 7]
March 4, 1829 December 28, 1832
(Resigned from office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Calhoun's term)
12
(1832)
Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 March 4, 1837
8 March 4, 1837

March 4, 1841
Martin Van Buren
17821862
(Lived: 79 years)
[32][33][34]
8th
Vice President of the United States
Democratic 13
(1836)
Richard Mentor Johnson
9 March 4, 1841

April 4, 1841
(Died in office)
William Henry Harrison
17731841
(Lived: 68 years)
[35][36][37]
United States Minister to Colombia
(18281829)
Whig 14
(1840)
John Tyler
(Succeeded to presidency)
10 April 4, 1841

March 4, 1845
John Tyler
17901862
(Lived: 71 years)
[38][39][40]
10th
Vice President of the United States
Whig
April 4, 1841 September 13, 1841
Office vacant
Unaffiliated
September 13, 1841 March 4, 1845
[lower-alpha 8]
11 March 4, 1845

March 4, 1849
James K. Polk
17951849
(Lived: 53 years)
[41][42][43]
9th
Governor of Tennessee

(18391841)
Democratic 15
(1844)
George M. Dallas
12 (First elected office)
March 4, 1849

July 9, 1850
(Died in office)
Zachary Taylor
17841850
(Lived: 65 years)
[44][45][46]
Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(18461849)
Whig 16
(1848)
Millard Fillmore
(Succeeded to presidency)
13 July 9, 1850

March 4, 1853
Millard Fillmore
18001874
(Lived: 74 years)
[47][48][49]
12th
Vice President of the United States
Whig Office vacant
14 March 4, 1853

March 4, 1857
Franklin Pierce
18041869
(Lived: 64 years)
[50][51][52]
Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(18471848)
Democratic 17
(1852)
William R. King
March 4 April 18, 1853
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of King's term)
15 March 4, 1857

March 4, 1861
James Buchanan
17911868
(Lived: 77 years)
[53][54][55]
United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(18531856)
Democratic 18
(1856)
John C. Breckinridge
16 March 4, 1861

April 15, 1865
(Assassinated)
Abraham Lincoln
18091865
(Lived: 56 years)
[56][57][58]
U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District
(18471849)
Republican
(National Union)
[lower-alpha 9]
19
(1860)
Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 March 4, 1865
20
(1864)
Andrew Johnson
March 4 April 15, 1865
(Succeeded to presidency)
17 April 15, 1865

March 4, 1869
Andrew Johnson
18081875
(Lived: 66 years)
[59][60][61]
16th
Vice President of the United States
National Union
[lower-alpha 9]
(Democratic)
[lower-alpha 10]
Office vacant
18 (First elected office)
March 4, 1869

March 4, 1877
Ulysses S. Grant
18221885
(Lived: 63 years)
[62][63][64]
Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(18641869)
Republican 21
(1868)
Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 March 4, 1873
22
(1872)
Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 November 22, 1875
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Wilson's term)
19 March 4, 1877

March 4, 1881
Rutherford B. Hayes
18221893
(Lived: 70 years)
[65][66][67]
29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio

(18681872 & 18761877)
Republican 23
(1876)
William A. Wheeler
20 March 4, 1881

September 19, 1881
(Assassinated)
James A. Garfield
18311881
(Lived: 49 years)
[68][69][70]
U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District
(18631881)
Republican 24
(1880)
Chester A. Arthur
(Succeeded to presidency)
21 September 19, 1881

March 4, 1885
Chester A. Arthur
18291886
(Lived: 57 years)
[71][72][73]
20th
Vice President of the United States
Republican Office vacant
22 March 4, 1885

March 4, 1889
Grover Cleveland
18371908
(Lived: 71 years)
[74][75]
28th
Governor of New York

(18831885)
Democratic 25
(1884)
Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 November 25, 1885
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hendricks' term)
23 March 4, 1889

March 4, 1893
Benjamin Harrison
18331901
(Lived: 67 years)
[76][77][78]
U.S. Senator from Indiana
(18811887)
Republican 26
(1888)
Levi P. Morton
24 March 4, 1893

March 4, 1897
Grover Cleveland
18371908
(Lived: 71 years)
[74][75]
22nd
President of the United States

(18851889)
Democratic 27
(1892)
Adlai Stevenson
25 March 4, 1897

September 14, 1901
(Assassinated)
William McKinley
18431901
(Lived: 58 years)
[79][80][81]
39th
Governor of Ohio

(18921896)
Republican 28
(1896)
Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 November 21, 1899
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hobart's term)
29
(1900)
Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 September 14, 1901
(Succeeded to presidency)
26 September 14, 1901

March 4, 1909
Theodore Roosevelt
18581919
(Lived: 60 years)
[82][83][84]
25th
Vice President of the United States
Republican Office vacant
September 14, 1901 March 4, 1905
30
(1904)
Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 March 4, 1909
27 March 4, 1909

March 4, 1913
William Howard Taft
18571930
(Lived: 72 years)
[85][86][87]
42nd
United States Secretary of War

(19041908)
Republican 31
(1908)
James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 October 30, 1912
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Sherman's term)
28 March 4, 1913

March 4, 1921
Woodrow Wilson
18561924
(Lived: 67 years)
[88][89][90]
34th
Governor of New Jersey

(19111913)
Democratic 32
(1912)
Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29 March 4, 1921

August 2, 1923
(Died in office)
Warren G. Harding
18651923
(Lived: 57 years)
[91][92][93]
U.S. Senator from Ohio
(19151921)
Republican 34
(1920)
Calvin Coolidge
(Succeeded to presidency)
30 August 2, 1923

March 4, 1929
Calvin Coolidge
18721933
(Lived: 60 years)
[94][95][96]
29th
Vice President of the United States
Republican Office vacant
August 2, 1923 March 4, 1925
35
(1924)
Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 March 4, 1929
31 (First elected office)
March 4, 1929

March 4, 1933
Herbert Hoover
18741964
(Lived: 90 years)
[97][98][99]
3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce

(19211928)
Republican 36
(1928)
Charles Curtis
32 March 4, 1933

April 12, 1945
(Died in office)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
18821945
(Lived: 63 years)
[100][101][102]
44th
Governor of New York

(19291932)
Democratic 37
(1932)
John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 January 20, 1941
[lower-alpha 11]
38
(1936)
39
(1940)
Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 January 20, 1945
40
(1944)
Harry S. Truman
January 20 April 12, 1945
(Succeeded to presidency)
33 April 12, 1945

January 20, 1953
Harry S. Truman
18841972
(Lived: 88 years)
[103][104][105]
34th
Vice President of the United States
Democratic Office vacant
April 12, 1945 January 20, 1949
41
(1948)
Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 January 20, 1953
34 (First elected office)
January 20, 1953

January 20, 1961
Dwight D. Eisenhower
18901969
(Lived: 78 years)
[106][107][108]
Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(19491952)
Republican 42
(1952)
Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35 January 20, 1961

November 22, 1963
(Assassinated)
John F. Kennedy
19171963
(Lived: 46 years)
[109][110][111]
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(19531960)
Democratic 44
(1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson
(Succeeded to presidency)
36 November 22, 1963

January 20, 1969
Lyndon B. Johnson
19081973
(Lived: 64 years)
[112][113]
37th
Vice President of the United States
Democratic Office vacant
November 22, 1963 January 20, 1965
45
(1964)
Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 January 20, 1969
37 January 20, 1969

August 9, 1974
(Resigned from office)
Richard Nixon
19131994
(Lived: 81 years)
[114][115][116]
36th
Vice President of the United States

(19531961)
Republican 46
(1968)
Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 October 10, 1973
(Resigned from office)
47
(1972)
Office vacant
October 10 December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 August 9, 1974
(Succeeded to presidency)
38 August 9, 1974

January 20, 1977
Gerald Ford
19132006
(Lived: 93 years)
[117][118][119]
40th
Vice President of the United States
Republican Office vacant
August 9 December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 January 20, 1977
39 January 20, 1977

January 20, 1981
Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(92 years old)
[120][121][122]
76th
Governor of Georgia

(19711975)
Democratic 48
(1976)
Walter Mondale
40 January 20, 1981

January 20, 1989
Ronald Reagan
19112004
(Lived: 93 years)
[123][124][125]
33rd
Governor of California

(19671975)
Republican 49
(1980)
George H. W. Bush
50
(1984)
41 January 20, 1989

January 20, 1993
George H. W. Bush
Born 1924
(92 years old)
[126][127][128]
43rd
Vice President of the United States
Republican 51
(1988)
Dan Quayle
42 January 20, 1993

January 20, 2001
Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(70 years old)
[129][130][131]
40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas

(19791981 & 19831992)
Democratic 52
(1992)
Al Gore
53
(1996)
43 January 20, 2001

January 20, 2009
George W. Bush
Born 1946
(70 years old)
[132][133]
46th
Governor of Texas

(19952000)
Republican 54
(2000)
Dick Cheney
55
(2004)
44 January 20, 2009

Incumbent
Barack Obama
Born 1961
(55 years old)
[134][135]
U.S. Senator from Illinois
(20052008)
Democratic 56
(2008)
Joe Biden
57
(2012)
   [top]

President-elect

Presidency[lower-alpha 1] President-elect[lower-alpha 12] Prior position[lower-alpha 2] Party Election Vice President-elect
45 (First elected office)
Beginning
January 20, 2017

(44 days from now)
Donald Trump
Born 1946
(70 years old)
[2][136]
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971present)
Republican 58
(2016)
Mike Pence

Living former presidents

Presently, there are four living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (served 1974 to 1977) on December 26, 2006 (aged 93 years, 165 days). The most recently serving president to die was Ronald Reagan (served 1981 to 1989) on June 5, 2004 (aged 93 years, 120 days). Jimmy Carter currently holds the record for having the longest post-presidency of any president.

Living as of December 2016
President[lower-alpha 1] Date of birth
Jimmy Carter 39 19771981 October 1, 1924
George H. W. Bush 41 19891993 June 12, 1924
Bill Clinton 42 19932001 August 19, 1946
George W. Bush 43 20012009 July 6, 1946
President Barack Obama pauses with former Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George H.W. Bush, and Jimmy Carter during the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Center at the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum on the campus of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, April 25, 2013. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)
President Obama stands alongside the four living former Presidents of the United States (pictured from left, in descending order of service) at the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Center at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, April 2013

Subsequent public service

Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.

President Presidency[lower-alpha 1] Subsequent service
John Quincy Adams 6 18251829 U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (18311848)
Andrew Johnson 17 18651869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)
Grover Cleveland 22 18851889 24th President of the United States (18931897)
William Howard Taft 27 19091913 10th Chief Justice of the United States (19211930)

Additionally, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.

President Presidency[lower-alpha 1] Office sought unsuccessfully
John Quincy Adams 6 18251829 Governor of Massachusetts (1833)
Martin Van Buren 8 18371841 President of the United States (1844)
President of the United States (1848)
Millard Fillmore 13 18501853 President of the United States (1856)
Andrew Johnson 17 18651869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)
Ulysses S. Grant 18 18691877 President of the United States (1880)
Theodore Roosevelt 26 19011909 President of the United States (1912)

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 The presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. 1 2 Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position (either with a U.S. state or the federal government, or with a private corporation) held by the individual immediately prior to becoming President of the United States.
  3. Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only 1,404 days long (as opposed to the usual 1461), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  4. Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction which became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
  5. Due to logistical delays, Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  6. The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  7. John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition emerging around Jackson.
  8. John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  9. 1 2 When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
  10. Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  11. The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified on January 23, 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
  12. While Donald Trump apparently won the most electoral votes in the November 8 election, the presidential electors who comprise the Electoral College will not meet to cast their votes until December 19. The vote of the Electoral College will be certified and made public on January 6, 2017 during a joint session of the United States Congress. It is expected that president-elect Trump will win a majority of these votes.

References

  1. "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  2. 1 2 Flegenheimer, Matt; Barbaro, Michael (November 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  3. Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
  4. Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  5. Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
  6. 1 2 Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  9. "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  10. "Biography of George Washington". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  11. "George Washington – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  12. "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  13. "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  14. "Biography of John Adams". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  15. "John Adams – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  16. "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  17. "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  18. "Thomas Jefferson – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  19. "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  20. "Biography of James Madison". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  21. "James Madison – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  22. "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  23. "Biography of James Madison". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. "James Monroe – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  25. "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  26. "Biography of John Quincy Adams". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  27. "John Quincy Adams – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  28. "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  29. "Biography of Andrew Jackson". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. "Andrew Jackson – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  31. "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  32. "Biography of Martin Van Buren". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  33. "Martin Van Buren – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  34. "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  35. "Biography of William Henry Harrison". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. "William Henry Harrison – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  37. "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  38. "Biography of John Tyler". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  39. "John Tyler – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  40. "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  41. "Biography of James Polk". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. "James K. Polk – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  43. "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  44. "Biography of Zachary Taylor". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  45. "Zachary Taylor – U.S. Presidents". History. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  46. "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  47. "Biography of Millard Fillmore". WhiteHouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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