List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas

This is a list of English language words borrowed from indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French. † indicates a link to a definition of the word. It does not cover names of ethnic groups or place names derived from indigenous languages.

Most words of Native American/First Nations language origin are the common names for indigenous flora and fauna, or describe items of Native American or First Nations life and culture. Some few are names applied in honor of Native Americans or First Nations peoples or due to a vague similarity to the original object of the word. For instance, sequoias are named in honor of the Cherokee leader Sequoyah, who lived 2,000 miles east of that tree's range while the kinkajou of South America was given a name from an unrelated North American animal 2,000 miles to the north.

Words from Algonquian languages

For a list of words relating to with Algonquian language origins, see the Algonquian derivations category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Since Native Americans and First Nations peoples speaking a language of the Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers and settlers along the Eastern Seaboard, many words from these languages made their way into English.

In addition, a great number of place names in North America are Algonquian names, for example: Mississippi (cf. Illinois mihsisiipiiwi and Ojibwe misiziibi, "great river," referring to the Mississippi River)[1][2] and Michigan (cf. Illinois meehcakamiwi, Ojibwe Mishigami, "great sea," referring to Lake Michigan).[2][3] Even Canadian provinces and U.S. states, districts, counties and municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as Québec, Saskatchewan, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Naugatuck, Connecticut, Wyoming, District of Keewatin, Outagamie County, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois, or Algonquian-derived names, such as Algoma.

In addition, a number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas groups are known better by their Algonquian exonyms, rather than by their endonym, such as the Eskimo (see below), Winnebago (perhaps from Potawatomi winpyéko, "(people of the) dirty water"),[4] Sioux (ultimately from Ottawa naadowesiwag),[4] Assiniboine (Ojibwe asiniibwaan, "stone Sioux")[2] and Chipewyan (Cree čīpwayān, "(those who have) pointed skins or hides").[5]

Apishamore
From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon"[6] (c.f. Ojibwe apishimon).[2]
Atamasco lily
Earlier "attamusca", from Powhatan.[7][8]
Babiche
From Míkmaq ápapíj (from ápapi, "cord, thread", Proto-Algonquian *aʔrapa·pyi, from *aʔrapy-, "net" + *-a·by-, "string".[9]
Caribou
From Míkmaq qalipu, "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi, "shovel snow", Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi-).[10]
Caucus
The etymology is disputed: two possible sources are an Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'; or the Algonquian cawaassough, meaning an advisor, talker, or orator.[11]
Chinkapin
From Powhatan chechinquamins,[12] reconstituted as */t͡ʃiːht͡ʃiːnkweːmins/, the plural form.[13]
Chipmunk
Originally "chitmunk," from Odawa jidmoonh[14] /t͡ʃɪtmő/ (c.f. Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh)),[2] "red squirrel".
Cisco
Originally "siscowet," from Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]".[15]
Eskimo
From Old Montagnais aiachkimeou ([aːjast͡ʃimeːw]; modern ayassimēw), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from an Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the Mikmaq.[16][17]
Hackmatack
From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f. Ojibwe aagimaandag), "snowshoe boughs".
Hickory
From Powhatan <pocohiquara>, "milky drink made with hickory nuts".[18][19]
Hominy
From Powhatan <uskatahomen>/<usketchaumun>, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten".[20]
Husky
Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above).[21]
Kinkajou
From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f. Algonquin kwingwaage, Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage),[2] through French quincajou.[22]
Kinnikinnick
From Unami Delaware /kələkːəˈnikːan/, "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix something animate with something inanimate"),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *kereken-, "mix (it) with something different by hand".[23]
Mackinaw
From michilmackinac, from Menomini mishilimaqkināhkw, "be large like a snapping turtle", or from Ojibwe mishi-makinaak, "large snapping turtle" with French -ile-, "island".
Moccasin
From an Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan <mockasin>,[24] reconstituted as */mahkesen/[25](c.f. Ojibwe makizin,[2] Míkmaq mɨkusun,[26] from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni).[27]
Moose
From Eastern Abenaki moz, reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages[28][29] (e.g. Massachusett/Narragansett moos,[29] Ojibwe moo(n)z,[2] Lenape mus 'elk'[30]), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa.[29]
Mugwump
From "mugquomp", a shortening of Massachusett <muggumquomp>, "war chief" (Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa, from *memekw-, "swift" + *-a·pe·, "man").[31]
Muskellunge
Ultimately from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe,[2] "ugly pike" (c.f. ginoozhe, "pike").
Muskeg
From Cree maskēk, "swamp"[32] (Proto-Algonquian *maškye·kwi).[33]
Muskrat
A folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from Massachusett (c.f. Western Abenaki mòskwas), apparently from Proto-Algonquian *mo·šk, "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·-, "head" + a derivational ending).[33]
Opossum
From Powhatan <apasum>/<opussum>/<aposoum>, "white dog-like animal",[34] reconstituted as */aːpassem/[35] (c.f. Proto-Algonquian *waːp-aʔθemwa, "white dog").[36][37]
Papoose
From Narragansett <papoòs>[38] or Massachusett <pappouse>, "baby".[39]
Pecan
From Illinois pakani (c.f. Ojibwe bagaan),[2] "nut", from Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni.[40]
Pemmican
From Cree pimihkān, from pimihkēw, "to make grease" (Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa, from *pemy-, "grease" + -ehke·, "to make").[41]
Persimmon
From Powhatan <pessemins>/<pushemins>, reconstituted as */pessiːmin/.[42] While the final element reflects Proto-Algonquian *-min, "fruit, berry", the initial is unknown.[43]
Pipsissewa
From Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe, "flower of the woods".[38][44]
Pokeweed
Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed".[38]
Pone
From Powhatan <poan>/<appoans>, "something roasted" (reconstituted as */apoːn/)[45] (c.f. Ojibwe abwaan),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n.[46]
Powwow
From Narragansett powwaw, "shaman" (Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa, "to dream, to have a vision").[47]
Puccoon
From Powhatan <poughkone>,[38] reconstituted as */pakkan/[48] (c.f. Unami Delaware [pɛːkɔːn], 'red dye; the plant from which dye is made').[49][50]
Pung
A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian language of Southern New England.[51]
Punkie
Via Dutch, from Munsee [ponkwəs] (Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa, from *penkw-, "dust, ashes" + *-ehs, a diminutive suffix).[52]
Quahog
From Narragansett <poquaûhock>.[53]
Quonset hut
From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->, diminutive + <-et>, locative).[54]
Raccoon
From Powhatan <arahkun>/<aroughcun>,[55] tentatively reconstituted as */aːreːhkan/.[56]
Sachem
From an Algonquian language of southern New England,[57] c.f. Narragansett <sâchim> (Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw, "chief").[58]
Sagamore
From Eastern Abenaki sakəma (c.f. Narragansett <sâchim>), "chief", from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw.[58]
Shoepac
From Unami Delaware [t͡ʃipahkɔ] "shoes" (singular [t͡ʃiːpːakw]), altered on analogy with English "shoe".[59]
Skunk
From Massachusett <squnck> (Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa, from *šek-, "to urinate" + *-a·kw, "fox").[60]
Squash (fruit)
From Narragansett <askútasquash>.[61]
Squaw
From Massachusett <squa> (c.f. Cree iskwē, Ojibwe ikwe),[2] "woman", from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa.[61]
Succotash
From Narragansett <msíckquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" (Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari, singular *mesi·nkwete·, from *mes-, "whole" + *-i·nkw-, "eye [=kernel]" + -ete·, "to cook").[62]
Tabagie
From Algonquin tabaguia.[63]
Terrapin
Originally "torope," from an Eastern Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan (reconstituted as */toːrepeːw/)[64] (c.f. Munsee Delaware /toːlpeːw/),[65] from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *tōrəpēw.[66]
Toboggan
From Míkmaq topaqan[67] or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy /tʰaˈpakən/[68] (Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani, from *wet-, "to drag" + *-a·pye·-, "cordlike object" + *-kan, "instrument for").[67]
Tomahawk
From Powhatan <tamahaac> (Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani, from *temah-, "to cut" + *-a·kan, "instrument for").[69]
Totem
From Ojibwe nindoodem, "my totem" or odoodeman, "his totem," referring to a kin group.[70]
Tuckahoe
From Powhatan <tockawhoughe>/<tockwhough>/<taccaho>, "root used for bread", reconstituted as */takwahahk/[71] (perhaps from Proto-Algonquian *takwah-, "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flour").[72]
Tullibee
From Old Ojibwe */otoːlipiː/[73] (modern odoonibii).[2]
Wampum
Earlier "wampumpeag", from Massachusett, and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f. Maliseet: wapapiyik,[74] Eastern Abenaki wápapəyak, Ojibwe waabaabiinyag),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-, "white" + *-a·py-, "string-like object" + *-aki, plural.[75][76]
Wanigan
from Ojibwa waanikaan, "storage pit"[77]
Wapiti (elk)
From Shawnee waapiti, "white rump" (c.f. Ojibwe waabidiy),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya, from *wa·p-, "white" + *-etwiy, "rump".[78]
Wickiup
From Fox wiikiyaapi, from the same Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below).[79]
Wigwam
From Eastern Abenaki wìkəwam (c.f. Ojibwe wiigiwaam),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi.[80]
Woodchuck
Reshaped on analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f. Narragansett <ockqutchaun>, "woodchuck").[81]

Words from Nahuatl

For a list of words relating to with Nahuatl language origins, see the Nahuatl derivations category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Unless otherwise specified, Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique is among the sources used for each etymology

Words of Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via Spanish. Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl "absolutive suffix" (-tl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -te), which marked unpossessed nouns.

Achiote
from āchiotl [aːˈt͡ʃiot͡ɬ]
Atlatl
from ahtlatl [ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ]
Avocado
from āhuacatl, "avocado" or "testicle" [aːˈwakat͡ɬ]
Axolotl
āxōlōtl, from ā-, "water" + xōlōtl, "male servant"[82] [aːˈʃoːloːt͡ɬ]
Cacao and cocoa
from cacahuatl [kaˈkawat͡ɬ]
Chayote
from chayohtli [t͡ʃaˈjoʔt͡ɬi]
Chia
from chian
Chicle
from tzictli [ˈt͡sikt͡ɬi]
Chili
from chīlli [ˈt͡ʃiːlːi]
Chipotle
from chilpoctli meaning "smoked chili"
Chocolate
Often said to be from Nahuatl xocolātl[38] or chocolātl,[83] which would be derived from xococ "bitter" and ātl "water" (with an irregular change of x to ch).[84] However, the form xocolātl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol-, and referred to a special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate.[85]
Copal
from copalli[86]
Coyote
from coyōtl
Epazote
from epazōtl
Guacamole
from āhuacamōlli, from āhuaca-, "avocado", and mōlli, "sauce"
Hoatzin
from huāctzin[87]
Jicama
from xicamatl
Mesquite
from mizquitl [ˈmiskit͡ɬ]
Mezcal
from mexcalli [meʃˈkalːi] metl [met͡ɬ] and ixcalli [iʃˈkalːi] which mean 'oven cooked agave.'[88]
Mole
from mōlli [ˈmoːlːi], "sauce"
Nopal
from nohpalli [noʔˈpalːi], "prickly pear cactus"
Ocelot
from ocēlōtl [oːˈseːloːt͡ɬ]
Peyote
from peyōtl [ˈpejoːt͡ɬ]. Nahuatl probably borrowed the root peyō- from another language, but the source is not known.[89]
Pinole
from Nahuatl pinolli, via Spanish
Quetzal
from quetzalli [keˈt͡salːi], "quetzal feather".[90]
Sapodilla
from tzapocuahuitl
Sapota
from tzapotl [ˈt͡sapot͡ɬ]
Shack
possibly from xahcalli, "grass hut", by way of Mexican Spanish.[38][91] [ʃaʔˈkalːi]
Sotol
from tzotolli[92]
Tamale
from tamalli [taˈmalːi]
Tule
from tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], "reed, bulrush"
Tomato
from tomatl [ˈtomat͡ɬ]

Words from Quechua

Unless otherwise specified, Words in English from Amerindian Languages is among the sources used for each etymology

A number of words from Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish, adopting hispanicized spellings.

Ayahuasca
from aya "corpse" and waska "rope", via Spanish ayahuasca
Cachua
from qhachwa
Chuño
from ch'uñu
Coca
from kuka, via Spanish coca
Cocaine
from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaïne
Condor
from kuntur, via Spanish cóndor
Gran Chaco
from chaku, "hunt"
Guanaco
from wanaku
Guano
from wanu via Spanish guano
Inca
from Inka "lord, king"
Jerky
from ch'arki, via Spanish charquí
Lagniappe
from yapay, "add, addition", via Spanish la yapa (with the definite article la).
Lima
from rimay, "speak" (from the name of the city, named for the Rimaq river ("speaking river"))
Llama
from llama, via Spanish
Mashua
from maswa
Pampa
from pampa, "a large plain", via Spanish
Pisco
from pisqu, "bird"
Puma
from puma, via Spanish
Quinine
from kinakina, via Spanish quina
Quinoa
from kinwa, via Spanish quinoa
Soroche
from suruqchi or suruqch'i, "Altitude sickness"[93][94]
Vicuña
from wik'uña, via Spanish vicuña

Words from Eskimo–Aleut languages

Anorak
from Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq[95]
Chimo
from the Inuktitut word saimo (ᓴᐃᒧ [sa.i.ˈmo], a word of greeting, farewell, and toast before drinking.[96] Used as a greeting and cheer by the Canadian Military Engineers, and more widely in some parts of Southern Ontario and Western Canada, particularly in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Igloo
from Inuktitut iglu (ᐃᒡᓗ [iɣ.ˈlu])[97]
Ilanaaq
Inuktitut ilanaaq (ᐃᓚᓈᒃ [i.la.naːk]), "friend". Name of the logo for the 2010 Winter Olympics
Inuksuk
from Inuktitut inuksuk (ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ [i.nuk.ˈsuk])[97]
Kayak
from Inuktitut qajaq (ᖃᔭᖅ [qa.ˈjaq])[97]
Malamute
from Inupiaq Malimiut, the name of an Inupiaq subgroup[98]
Mukluk
from Yupik maklak ([makɬak]), "bearded seal"[97]
Nanook
from Inuktitut word for polar bear Nanuq (ᓇᓄᒃ [na.ˈnuq]),[99] "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary Nanook of the North, featuring a man with this name.
Nunatak
from Greenlandic Inuit nunataq[100]
Umiaq

Words from Arawakan languages

Anole
from an Arawakan language, or possibly Cariban, by way of French anolis.[101][102][103]
Barbecue
from an Arawakan language of Haiti barbakoa, "framework of sticks",[104] via Spanish barbacoa.[105]
Cacique or cassique
from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa "chieftain"[106]
Caiman
from a Ta-Maipurean language, "water spirit" (c.f. Garifuna [aɡaiumã]),[107][108] though possibly ultimately of African origin.[109]
Canoe
from Taino via Spanish canoa.[110]
Cassava
from Taino caçabi, "manioc meal", via Spanish or Portuguese.[111]
Cay
from Taino, by way of Spanish cayo.[112]
Guava
from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba.[113]
Hammock
from Taino, via Spanish hamaca.[114]
Hurricane
from Taino hurakán, via Spanish.[115]
Iguana
from an Arawakan language iwana.[116][117]
Macana
from Taino macana via Spanish.
Maize
from Taino mahís, by way of Spanish.[118][119]
Mangrove
from Taino, via Spanish mangle or Portuguese mangue.[120]
Papaya
from Taino.[121]
Potato
from the Taino word for "sweet potato", via Spanish patata.[122]
Savanna
from Taino zabana, via Spanish.[123]
Tobacco
probably from an Arawakan language, via Spanish: tabaco.[67]
Yuca
from Taino, via Spanish.[124]

Words from Tupi-Guaraní

Agouti
from Tupi–Guaraní akutí, via Portuguese aguti through French.[125][126][127]
Cashew
from Tupí acaîu, via Portuguese caju.[128]
Capybara
from Guaraní kapibári 'the grass eater ' via Portuguese capivara through French.
Catupiry
from Guaraní katupyry via Brazilian Portuguese.[129]
Cayenne
from Tupí kyinha via French.[130]
Cougar
ultimately corrupted from Guaraní guaçu ara.[131]
Jaguar
from Tupinambá via Portuguese jaguar through French /jaˈwar-/,.[132][133]
Jaguarundi
from Guaraní via Portuguese.
Maraca
from Tupí maraka via Portuguese.
Macaw
via Portuguese Macau from Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat.[134]
Manioc
from Tupinambá via Portuguese man(d)ioca through French /maniˈʔok-/.[132]
Petunia
from Tupí petun 'smoke' via Portuguese.
Piranha
from Tupí via Portuguese.[135]
Seriema
from Tupinambá siriema 'the crested one' via Portuguese
Tapioca
from Tupinambá via Portuguese /tɨpɨˈʔok-a/,[132] "juice squeezed out".[136]
Tapir
from Tupinambá via Portuguese tapir through French /tapiˈʔir-/.[132]
Tegu
from Tupinambá teiú-guaçú 'big lizard' via Portuguese teiú
Toucan
from Tupinambá via Portuguese tucano through French /tuˈkan-/,[132] via Portuguese and French.[137]

Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas

Abalone
from Rumsen awlun and Ohlone aluan, via Spanish abulón.[138]
Alpaca
from Aymara allpaka, via Spanish.[139]
Appaloosa
Either named for the Palouse River, whose name comes from Sahaptin palú:s, "what is standing up in the water"; or for Opelousas, Louisiana, which may come from Choctaw api losa, "black body".[140]
Bayou
from early Choctaw bayuk, "creek, river", via French.[141]
Camas
from Nez Perce qémʼes.[142]
Cannibal
via Spanish Caníbalis, from a Cariban language, meaning "person, Indian",[143] (Proto-Cariban *karípona),[144] based on the Spaniards' belief that the Caribs ate human flesh.[145]
Catalpa
from Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ká, "head" + (i)táłpa, "wing".[146]
Cenote
from Yucatec Maya dzonot or ts'onot[147] meaning "well"[148]
Cheechako
from Chinook Jargon chee + chako, "new come". Chee comes from Lower Chinook čxi, "straightaway", and for chako c.f. Nuuchahnulth čokwaa, "come!"[149]
Chicha
via Spanish from Kuna chichab, "maize" or from Nahuatl chichiatl, "fermented water."
Chinook
from Lower Chehalis tsʼinúk, the name of a village,[150][151] via Chinook Trade Jargon.
Chuckwalla
from Cahuilla čáxwal.[152]
Coho
from Halkomelem k̉ʷə́xʷəθ ([kʷʼəxʷəθ]).[38][153][154]
Coontie
from Creek conti hetaka.
Coypu
from Mapudungun kóypu.
Divi-divi
from Cumanagoto.
Dory
from Miskito dóri, dúri.
Eulachon
from a Cree adaptation of Chinook Trade Jargon ulâkân,[155] itself a borrowing of Clatsap u-tlalxwə(n), "brook trout".[156]
Geoduck
from Lushootseed (Nisqually) gʷídəq.[157][158]
Guan
from Kuna.
High muckamuck
from Chinook Jargon [ˈmʌkəmʌk], "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin.[159]
Hogan
from Navajo hooghan.[160]
Hooch
a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from Tlingit xutsnuuwú, "brown bear fort".[161][162]
Kachina
from Hopi katsína, "spirit being".[163]
Kiva
from Hopi kíva (containing ki-, "house").[164]
Kokanee
perhaps from Twana kəknǽxw.[165]
Manatee
via Spanish manatí, from a word in a Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast".[166][167][168]
Ohunka
from Lakota "false", "untrue".[169]
Piki
from Hopi.
Pogonip
from Shoshone /pakɨnappɨ/ ([paˈɣɨnappɨ̥]), "fog".[170]
Poncho
via Spanish from Mapudungun pontho,[171] "woolen fabric".[172]
Potato
via Spanish patata from Haitian Carib batata="sweet potato"[173]
Potlatch
from Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) p̉aƛp̉ač ([pʼatɬpʼat͡ʃ], reduplication of p̉a, "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the iterative suffix ) via Chinook Jargon.[174]
Salal
from Chinook Trade Jargon [səˈlæl], from Lower Chinook salál.[175]
Saguaro
via Spanish, from some indigenous language, possibly Opata.[176]
Sasquatch
From Halkomelem [ˈsæsqʼəts].[177]
Sego
from Ute-Southern Paiute /siˈkuʔa/ ([siˈɣuʔa]).[178]
sequoia
from a Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology.[179]
Sockeye
from Halkomelem /ˈsθəqəʔj/.[180]
Skookum
from Chinook Jargon [ˈskukəm], "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from Lower Chehalis skʷəkʷə́m, "devil, anything evil, spirit monster".[181][182]
Tamarin
from a Cariban language, via French.[183]
Tipi
from Lakota thípi, "house".[65]
Tupelo
Perhaps from Creek ’topilwa, "swamp-tree", from íto, "tree" + opílwa, "swamp".[184]
Wapatoo
from Chinook Jargon [ˈwapato], "arrowroot, wild potato", from Upper Chinook [wa]-, a noun prefix + [pato], which comes from Kalapuyan [pdóʔ], "wild potato".[185]
Wakinyan
from Lakota wa, "people/things" + kiŋyaŋ, "to fly".[186]
Yaupon
from Catawba yąpą, from , "wood/tree" + , "leaf".[187]

See also

References

  1. Klak, Thomas. "Historical Landscapes of the Miami". Myaamia Project. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
  3. Some Illinois Words: Places
  4. 1 2 Campbell (1997:399)
  5. Campbell (1997:395)
  6. Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1902). "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 15, No. 59. 15 (59): 240–267. doi:10.2307/533199. JSTOR 533199.
  7. RHD (1987:129)
  8. "Atamasco lily". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  9. "Babiche". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  10. RHD (1987:315-16)
  11. Wilson, James (1999). The Earth Shall Weep. New York City, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-87113-730-5.
  12. RHD (1987:361)
  13. Siebert (1975:323)
  14. Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa–Chippewa–Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
  15. "Cisco". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  16. Campbell (1997:394)
  17. Goddard, Ives (1984). "Synonymy". In "Arctic", ed. David Damas. Vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 5:5–6
  18. RHD (1987:900)
  19. "Hickory". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  20. RHD (1987:915)
  21. Harper, Douglas. "husky". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  22. "Kinkajou". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  23. RHD (1987:1058)
  24. Bright (2004:291)
  25. Siebert (1975:381)
  26. Harper, Douglas. "moccasin". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  27. RHD (1987:1235)
  28. Bright (2004:297)
  29. 1 2 3 RHD (1987:1247)
  30. "mus". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  31. RHD (1987:1261)
  32. Bright (2004:304)
  33. 1 2 RHD (1987:1268)
  34. RHD (1987:1359)
  35. Siebert (1975:363)
  36. "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  37. "Opossum". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  39. RHD (1987:1405)
  40. RHD (1987:1427)
  41. RHD (1987:1432)
  42. Siebert (1975:367)
  43. RHD (1987:1445)
  44. RHD (1987:1474)
  45. Siebert (1975:320)
  46. RHD (1987:1503)
  47. Bright (2004:397)
  48. Siebert (1975:369)
  49. RHD (1987:1563)
  50. "pèkòn". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Delaware Tribe of Indians. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  51. "Pung". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
  52. RHD (1987:1568)
  53. RHD (1987:1578)
  54. Bright (2004:406)
  55. RHD (1987:1590)
  56. Siebert (1975:370)
  57. RHD (1987:1688)
  58. 1 2 Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages", in "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 75
  59. RHD (1987:1768)
  60. Bright (2004:452-453)
  61. 1 2 RHD (1987:1850)
  62. RHD (1987:1899)
  63. Wiener, Leo. Africa and the Discovery of America, Volume 2. Innes & Sons. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  64. Siebert (1975:394)
  65. 1 2 Bright (2004:489)
  66. RHD (1987:1960)
  67. 1 2 3 RHD (1987:1990)
  68. Bright (2004:499)
  69. RHD (1987:1993)
  70. "Totem". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  71. Siebert (1975:397)
  72. RHD (1987:2033)
  73. RHD (1987:2034)
  74. Francis & Leavitt. 2008. A Passamaquoddy–Maliseet Dictionary. Orono: University of Maine Press. Page 588.
  75. "Wampumpeag". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  76. RHD (1987:2140)
  77. Wanigan American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000
  78. RHD (1987:2141)
  79. RHD (1987:2172)
  80. RHD (1987:2173)
  81. RHD (1987:2186)
  82. "Axolotl". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  83. "Chocolate". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  84. Karttunen, Frances (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 54.
  85. Dakin, Karen and Wichmann, Søren (2000). "Cacao and Chocolate: An Uto-Aztec perspective." Ancient Mesoamerica, vol. 11, pp.55–75.
  86. Merriam-Webster Dictionary online
  87. Merriam-Webster Dictionary online
  88. What is Mezcal? Elmezcal.org
  89. Campbell (1997:403, n. 53)
  90. RHD (1987:1585)
  91. shack
  92. Oxford English Dictionary online
  93. Vocabulario Comparativo Quechua Cuzqueño-Quechua Boliviano(PDF)
  94. "Suruqch'i". Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
  95. Dictionary.com: Anorak
  96. Bill Casselman's Canadian Word of the Day entry for Chimo
  97. 1 2 3 4 Foretescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan (1994). Comparative Eskimo Dictionary, with Aleut Cognates. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center
  98. Dictionary.com: Malamute
  99. "nanuq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  100. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  101. "Anole". Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  102. Campbell (1997:11)
  103. "Anole". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  104. Harper, Douglas. "barbecue". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  105. "Barbecue". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  106. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cacique, 2008, accessed 1 July 2008
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  108. "Caiman". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. On yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  109. Harper, Douglas. "caiman". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  110. Bright (2004:80)
  111. "Cassava". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  112. "Key". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  113. "Guava". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  114. "Hammock". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  115. "Hurricane". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  116. "Iguana". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  117. "Iguana". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  118. "Maize". Oxford English Dictionary.
  119. "Maize". Dictionary.com.
  120. Bright (2004:265)
  121. "Papaya". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  122. Bright (2004:395)
  123. RHD (1987:1707)
  124. "Yucca". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  125. "Agouti". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  126. "Agouti". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  127. "Agouti". Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  128. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cashew
  129. Ayala, Valentín (2000). Gramática Guaraní. Asunción: Centro Editorial Paraguayo S.R.L.
  130. Bright (2004:84)
  131. Bright (2004:124)
  132. 1 2 3 4 5 Jensen, Cheryl (1999). "Tupí–Guaraní". In The Amazonian Languages, eds. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 125–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 126
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  134. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=macaw
  135. RHD (1987:1475)
  136. Bright (2004:480)
  137. RHD (1987:2001)
  138. Bright (2004:19)
  139. Harper, Douglas. "alpaca". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  140. Bright (2004:45)
  141. Bright (2004:61)
  142. Alan H. Hartley. The Inland Etymology of Camas
  143. "Cannibal". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  144. Campbell (1997:404-405)
  145. "Cannibal". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  146. Bright (2004:83)
  147. or tz'onot in some secondary sources, such as Sharer & Traxler 2006: 52.
  148. Tim Scoones (producer), Jeff Goodman (photography), Dominique Rissolo (scientific adviser), Tom Iliffe (sci adv), Patricia Beddows (sci adv), Jill Yager (sci adv) (2005). Secrets of the Maya Underworld (Television production). BBC/Discovery Channel. Event occurs at 3:07. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  149. Bright (2004:91)
  150. Campbell (1997:397)
  151. Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 382
  152. Dictionary.com: Chuckwalla
  153. Dictionary.com: Coho salmon
  154. Coho salmon
  155. Oxford English Dictionary: Eulachon
  156. Bright (2004:172)
  157. "Geoduck". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  158. "Geoduck". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  159. Bright (2004:300)
  160. Bright (2004:169)
  161. "Hoochinoo". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  162. "Hooch". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  163. Bright (2004:194)
  164. "Kiva". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  165. Bright (2004:232)
  166. Simpson, George Gaylord (1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals". Journal of Mammalogy 22.1:14
  167. "Manatee". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  168. Harper, Douglas. "manatee". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  169. "Lakota Words Index". Lakota Writings. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  170. Bright (2004:389)
  171. Harper, Douglas. "poncho". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  172. "Poncho". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  173. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=potato
  174. Oxford English Dictionary: Potlatch
  175. Bright (2004:416)
  176. RHD (1987:1691)
  177. Bright (2004:422)
  178. Bright (2004:429)
  179. Bright (2004:432)
  180. Bright (2004:455)
  181. Bright (2004:452)
  182. "Skookum". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  183. RHD (1987:1939)
  184. RHD (1987:2036)
  185. Bright (2004:547)
  186. Feraca, Stephen E. (Mar 1, 2001). Wakinyan: Lakota Religion in the Twentieth Century. U of Nebraska Press. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  187. RHD (1987:2200)

Bibliography

External links

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