List of British innovations and discoveries

Engineers during World War Two test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel, an invention that dates back to 1871

The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom. This list covers innovation and invention in the mechanical, electronic, and industrial fields, as well as medicine, military devices and theory, artistic and scientific discovery and innovation, and ideas in religion and ethics.

The scientific revolution in 17th century Europe stimulated innovation and discovery in Britain.[1] Experimentation was considered central to innovation by groups such as the Royal Society, which was founded in 1660. The English patent system evolved from its medieval origins into a system that recognised intellectual property; this encouraged invention and spurred on the Industrial Revolution from the late 18th century.[2] During the 19th century, innovation in Britain led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of factory systems, and growth of transportation by railway and steam ship that spread around the world.[3] In the 20th century, Britain's rate of innovation, measured by patents registered,[4] slowed in comparison to other leading economies. Nonetheless, science and technology in Britain continued to develop rapidly in absolute terms.

17th century

The 1698 Savery Engine
1605
1614
1620
1625
1657
1667
1698

18th century

The Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.
1701
1712
1730
1737
1740
1744
1753
1765
1767
1776
1781
1783
1786
1798

19th century

A trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, first described by Charles Babbage in 1837[26]
1802
1804
1807
1814
1822
1823
1825
1828
1831
1835
1836
1837
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1846
1847
1851
1852
1853
1854
1868
1869
1873
1876
1878
1883
1884
1885
1886
1892
1897

20th century

A Colossus computer, developed by British codebreakers in 1943-1945
1902
1907
1908
1910
1922
1926
1926
1930
1932
1933
1936
1937
1939
1943
1949
1951
1952
1953
1955
1959
1963
1964
1965
1966
1969
1970
1973
1979
1984
1989
1991
1992
1995
1997

21st century

2003
2004
2005
2012
2014

Ceramics

Clock making

Clothing manufacturing

Communications

Computing

Engineering

Household appliances

Ideas, Religion and Ethics

Industrial processes

Medicine

Military

Mining

Musical instruments

Photography

Publishing firsts

Science

Astronomy

Chemistry

Sport

Transport

Aviation

Railways

Locomotives

Other railway developments

Roads

Sea

Scientific innovations

Miscellaneous

See also

References

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