Libertadores

This article is about the historical figures. For the South American football competition, see Copa Libertadores.
For other uses, see Libertador.
The Guayaquil conference (1822) between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America.

Libertadores (Spanish: [liβertaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [libeʁtaˈdoɾis], "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors, who were so far the only Spanish/Portuguese peoples recorded in the South American history.[1]

They were largely bourgeois, criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).

List of libertadores

Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Contributed to the independence of Took part in Refs
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
(1753–1811)
Mexico Grito de Dolores
Mexican War of Independence
[2]
José de San Martín
(1778–1850)
Argentina, Chile and Peru Argentine War of Independence
Crossing of the Andes
Chilean War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
[3]
Simón Bolívar
(1783–1830)
Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia Venezuelan War of Independence
Admirable Campaign
Patria Boba
Ecuadorian War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
[4]
José María Morelos
(1765–1815)
Mexico Mexican War of Independence
wrote the Sentimientos de la Nación
[5]
Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
Peru Peruvian War of Independence [6]
Andrés de Santa Cruz
(1792–1865)
Bolivia and Peru Bolivian War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Ecuadorian War of Independence
War of the Confederation
[6]
José Gervasio Artigas
(1764–1850)
Uruguay British invasions of the River Plate
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental
Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
Argentine Civil Wars
[6]
Manuel Belgrano
(1770–1820)
Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia British invasions of the River Plate
May Revolution
Paraguay campaign
Argentine War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
[7]
Thomas Cochrane
(1775–1860)
Brazil, Chile French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
Chilean War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Brazilian War of Independence
Greek War of Independence
[8]
Augustin I of Mexico
(1783–1824)
Mexico Mexican War of Independence
design of the Plan de Iguala
[8]
Francisco de Miranda
(1750–1816)
Venezuela American Revolutionary War
French Revolution
Venezuelan War of Independence
[9]
Mariano Moreno
(1778–1811)
Argentina May Revolution
Argentine War of Independence
Paraguay campaign
[10]
Bernardo O'Higgins
(1778–1842)
Chile and Peru Chilean War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
[11][12]
Pedro I of Brazil
(1798–1834)
Brazil Brazilian War of Independence
Cisplatine War
Liberal Wars
[13]
Antonio José de Sucre
(1795–1830)
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela Venezuelan War of Independence
Ecuadorian War of Independence
Bolivian War of Independence
Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombia–Peru War
[14]
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
(1763–1838)
Brazil

Legacy

The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.

Liberators' names were used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. Pigna, p. 9
  2. Lansing, pp. 15-39
  3. Pigna, pp. 195-272
  4. Pigna, pp. 135-192
  5. Lansing, pp. 39-59
  6. 1 2 3 Lansing, p. 121
  7. Pigna, p. 55-91
  8. 1 2 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  9. Pigna, pp. 13-52
  10. Lansing, pp. 119
  11. page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  12. Pigna, pp. 93-133
  13. page 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
  14. Lansing, pp. 219
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Libertadores.

Copa Libertadores

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/23/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.