Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen

Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen (16 May 1312 - 23 July 1375), in orthographic spelling bLa ma dam pa bsod nams rgyal mts'an, was a ruler of Sakya which had a precedence position in Tibet under the Yuan dynasty. He is considered the greatest Sakya scholar of the 14th century and served as ruler for a short term in 1344-1347.

Political career

Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen, usually just known by his title Lama Dampa, was one of the 13 sons of the abbot-ruler (dansa chenpo) Zangpo Pal who governed the see from 1306 to 1323 and therefore had a key position in the politics of Tibet under the overlordship of the Mongol great khan. His mother was Machig Shonnu Bum.[1] His original name was Nyima Dewai Lotro; he received the name Sonam Gyaltsen when he "renounced the world", i.e., was ordained as a monk in 1328. At 19 years of age, in 1331, he became a fully ordained bhiksu.[2] By this time the power of the Sakya Monastery was in decline. Around the time of Zangpo Pal's demise in 1323, his numerous sons were divided into four branches residing in different palaces. Lama Dampa belonged to the Rinchengang branch which took power as upper rulers of Sakya after a clash in 1341. He succeeded his elder brother Jamyang Donyo Gyaltsen on his demise in 1344.[3] Temporal administration of Tibet was handled by the dpon-chen (ponchen) Gyalwa Zangpo (1344-1347).

Civil war in Central Tibet

However, his tenure saw the eruption of civil war in Central Tibet. This was a period when the Yuan Dynasty was in rapid decline and had few resources to monitor Tibetan affairs efficiently. One of the 13 myriarchies (trikor) of Central Tibet, Phagmodru, was led by the able and ambitious Changchub Gyaltsen who clashed with the rival Yazang myriarchy. The Sakya administration was unable to cope with the trouble efficiently. In 1346 open warfare flared up as Phagmodru was attacked by troops of Nyal and E, directed by Yazang. The Phagmodrupa were victorious, but the ponchen Gyalwa Zangpo and the Sakya cleric Kunpangpa conspired to kill the troublemaker and seize Phagmodru. Changchub Gyaltsen was treacherously arrested but refused to yield his prerogatives in spite of severe torture. A visit by Lama Dampa somewhat mitigated his lot as a prisoner. In early 1347 Gyalwa Zangpo was unexpectedly replaced by a new administrator, Wangtson, on the orders of the imperial court. The dismayed Gyalwa Zangpo now made a deal with his prisoner and released Changchub Gyaltsen.[4] In the meanwhile Lama Dampa stepped down from his position after having kept the position of abbot-ruler for three years. We do not know the exact reasons for this. He was succeeded by a nephew, Lotro Gyaltsen. During the Sakya-Phagmodru fighting of the 1340s and 1350s he had an important role as negotiator. In 1373 the Phagmodrupa ruler Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen asked him to head a politico-religious meeting in Nêdong, confirming his status as a highly respected lama.[5]

Religious and literary career

While Lama Dampa's involvement with Tibetan politics was of little consequence, his cultural efforts are the more impressive.[6] He had been the religious teacher of Changchub Gyaltsen who eventually united Central Tibet under a new independent regime, the Phagmodrupa dynasty. Although the two men found themselves in opposing camps, they shared an interest in reviving the ideals of the old Tibetan Empire (c. 600-842). Some years after his abdication, Lama Dampa spent time and effort restoring the Samye monastery associated with the old kings, which had been reduced to ruins during the fighting that preceded the Phagmodrupa victory.[7] He subsequently authored a pseudo-historical work, The clear mirror (1368), where the historical details about the ancient kings were overlaid with Buddhist embellishments. The style of the narrative tended to retrospectively tone down the Chinese influences on Tibet which had accompanied the period of Mongol overlordship. The clear mirror made a great impact on the Tibetan view of their ancient history and thus supported Changchub Gyaltsen's project of national renewal.[8] Lama Dampa also wrote extensive commentaries on Pramanavarttika, Abhisamayalankara, Bodhisattvacaryavatara, and Nagarjuna's treatises. Towards the end of his life, in 1373, he was reportedly the teacher of the future Buddhist reformer Tsongkhapa.[9] Lama Dampa died as a highly respected scholar in 1375.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shoju Inaba, 'The lineage of the Sa skya pa: A chapter of the Red Annals', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 22 1963, p. 110.
  2. ↑ Per Sorensen, Tibetan Buddhist historiography: The mirror illuminating the royal genealogies. Wiesbaden 1994, p. 30.
  3. ↑ Luciano Petech, Central Tibet and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya period of Tibetan history. Rome 1990, p. 100-1.
  4. ↑ Luciano Petech 1990, pp. 103-5.
  5. ↑ Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet. Wien 2013, p. 198.
  6. ↑ Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan painted scrolls. Rome 1949, Vol. II, p. 627.
  7. ↑ Kurtis Schaeffer et al. (eds), Sources of Tibetan tradition. New York 2013, p. 304.
  8. ↑ Kurtis Schaeffer et al. (eds) 2013, p. 305.
  9. ↑ Per Sorensen 1994, p. 31.
Preceded by
Jamyang Donyo Gyaltsen		 Sakya lama of Tibet
(Yuan overlordship)
1344–1347 		Succeeded by
Lotro Gyaltsen
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