Koryo-mar

This article is about language of the Koryo-saram. For the Korean language as spoken during the Goryeo dynasty, see Middle Korean.
Koryo-mar
고려말/Корё мар
Native to Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
Native speakers
 (220,000 cited 1989)
176,411 in Russia (2010 census),[1] 174,000 in Uzbekistan (no date),[2] 107,000 in Kazakhstan (no date),[3] 8,500 in Kyrgyzstan (no date)[4]
Hangul, Chesili
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None
Koryo-mar
Hangul 고려말
Hanja 高麗말
Revised Romanization Goryeomal
McCune–Reischauer Koryŏmal

Koryo-mar, Goryeomal or Koryŏmal (Hangul: 고려말 ; Russian: Корё мар; Korean: 중앙아시아 한국어 "Central Asian Korean language") is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the Hamgyŏng dialect. Koryo-saram often report difficulty understanding speakers of standard Korean; this may be compounded by the fact that the majority of Koryo-saram today use Russian and not Korean as their first language.[5]

Orthography

Speakers do not generally use Koryeomar as a literary language. Written Korean during Soviet period tended to follow the North Korean standard language, while both Northern and Southern forms have occurred after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, some modern writers, most notably Lavrenti Son, have created plays and short stories in Koryeomar using hangul.[6]

A movement for the romanization of Koryeomar took place in the late 1930s, promoted by various government officials and linguists, but it did not have much success.[7]

Phonology

Characteristics of Koryeomar distinct from that of Standard Korean include the following phonological differences.[8]

Pedagogy

Koryeomar is not taught as a subject or used as the medium of instruction in any schools. The Korean language as taught in universities of the post-Soviet states is that of North or South Korea, with instructors being native to or trained in one of those countries. In one instance, a South Korean professor tried to teach Koryeomar at Almaty State University, but he did not achieve much success.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Korean at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Uzbekistan at Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, & Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. ↑ Kazakhstan at Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, & Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  4. ↑ Kyrgyzstan at Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, & Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  5. ↑ Khan, Valeriy Sergeevich. "Koreans and the Poly-ethnic Environment in Central Asia: The Experience of Eurasianism". Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  6. ↑ Kim, Phil. "Forced Deportation and Literary Imagination". Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 2005-07-29. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  7. ↑ Kim, German. "The History, Culture, and Language of Koryo Saram" (PDF). Seoul: Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  8. ↑ Tranter, Nicolas (2012). The Languages of Japan and Korea. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-44658-0.
  9. ↑ Kim, German. "Korean Diaspora in Kazakhstan: Question of Topical Problems for Minorities in Post-Soviet Space" (PDF). Almaty: Institute of Oriental Studies, National Academy of Sciences.
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