Jumbo

Jumbo (1861 – September 15, 1885), also known as Jumbo the Elephant and Jumbo the Circus Elephant, was a 19th-century male African Bush Elephant born in the Sudan. Jumbo was eventually exported to a zoo in Paris, France; and then transferred in 1865 to London Zoo in England. Jumbo was sold to P. T. Barnum, who took him to America for exhibition in March 1882.

The giant elephant's name has spawned the common word, "jumbo", meaning large in size.^[1] Jumbo's height, estimated to be 3.25 metres (10.7 ft) in the London Zoo, was claimed to be approximately 4 metres (13.1 ft) by the time of his death.

Jumbo's legacy lives on as Tufts University's mascot.^[2] and is referenced by a plaque outside the old Liberal Hall, now a Wetherspoons pub, in Crediton.^[3]

History

Jumbo was born in 1861 in the Sudan, and after his mother was killed by hunters, the infant Jumbo was captured by Sudanese elephant hunter Taher Sheriff.^[3] The calf was sold to Lorenzo Casanova, an Italian animal dealer and explorer. Casanova transported the animals he had bought north from Sudan to Suez, and then across the Mediterranean to Trieste. This collection was sold to Menagerie Gottlieb Kreutzberg in Germany.^[4] Soon after, he was imported to France and kept in the Paris zoo Jardin des Plantes. In 1865 he was transferred to the London Zoo, where he became famous for giving rides to visitors, especially children. The London zookeeper association leader Anoshan Anathajeyasri gave Jumbo his name; it is likely a variation of one of two Swahili words: jambo, which means "hello"; or jumbe, meaning "chief".^[5]

Jumbo was sold in November 1881 to the Barnum & Bailey Circus for 10,000 dollars ($246 thousand today). There was popular objection when Barnum's proposal became known; 100,000 school children wrote to Queen Victoria begging her not to sell the elephant.^{[lower-alpha 1]} In New York, Barnum exhibited the elephant at Madison Square Garden, earning enough from the enormous crowds to recoup the money he spent to buy the animal.^[6] In May 1884, Jumbo was one of Barnum's 21 elephants that crossed the Brooklyn Bridge to prove that the bridge was safe after 12 people died during a stampede on the bridge a year earlier on Memorial Day, May 31.^[7]

Remaining in the United Kingdom are statues and other memorabilia of Jumbo. The elephant – or rather its statuette in the Natural History Museum – was made holotype of Richard Lydekker's proposed subspecies (Loxodonta africana rothschildi) for the large elephants of the eastern Sahel. Modern authorities do not recognize this (or any other subspecies of African Bush Elephants), considering its purportedly diagnostic large size and peculiarly-shaped ears to be individual variation.

Death

Jumbo after colliding with a locomotive on September 15, 1885 in St. Thomas, Ontario

St. Thomas mural featuring Jumbo

Jumbo died at a railway classification yard in Canada at St. Thomas, Ontario, where he was hit and fatally wounded by a locomotive. Barnum told the story that he died saving a young circus elephant, Tom Thumb, from being hit by the locomotive, but other witnesses did not support this.^[8]

Barnum's story says that the younger elephant, Tom Thumb, was on the railroad tracks. Jumbo was walking up to lead him to safety, but an unexpected locomotive hit Tom Thumb, killing him instantly. Because of this, the locomotive derailed and hit Jumbo, killing him too. According to newspaper accounts at the time, the freight train hit Jumbo directly, killing him, while the other elephant suffered a broken leg.^[9]

Many metallic objects were found in the elephant's stomach, including English pennies, keys, rivets, and a police whistle.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Ever the showman, Barnum had portions of his star attraction separated, in order to have multiple sites attracting curious spectators. After touring with Barnum's circus,^[11] the skeleton was donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where it remains.^[12] The elephant's heart was sold to Cornell University. Jumbo's hide was stuffed by William J. Critchley and Carl Akeley, both of Ward's Natural Science, who stretched it during the mounting process; the mounted specimen traveled with Barnum's circus for two years.^[11]

Barnum eventually donated the stuffed Jumbo to Tufts University, where it was displayed at P.T. Barnum Hall there for many years. The hide was destroyed in a fire in April 1975.^[12] Ashes from that fire, which are believed to contain the elephant's remains, are kept in a 14-ounce Peter Pan Crunchy Peanut Butter jar in the office of the Tufts athletic director, while his taxidermied tail, removed during earlier renovations, resides in the holdings of the Tufts Digital Collections and Archives.^[8]

Legacy

While Jumbo's hide resided at Tufts' P.T. Barnum Hall, a superstition held that dropping a coin into a nostril of the trunk would bring good luck on an examination or sports event.^[2] Although the hide was destroyed by a major fire,^[12] Jumbo remains the mascot of Tufts, and representations of the elephant are featured prominently throughout the campus.^[2]

Jumbo statue in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada

A life-size statue of the elephant was erected in 1985 in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada to commemorate the centennial of the elephant's death. It is located on Talbot Street on the west side of the city. Railway City Brewing Company in St. Thomas brews "Dead Elephant Ale," an IPA, in recognition of Jumbo's connection to St. Thomas's railway history. In 2006, the Jumbo statue was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame in the category of "Railway Art Forms & Events" as having local significance.^[13]

Jumbo has been lionized on a series of sheet music covers from roughly 1882-83. The four color lithograph of Jumbo was created by Alfred Concanen of England, with the music title "Why Part With Jumbo",^{[lower-alpha 3]} a song by the lion comique of Victorian British music halls, G. H. MacDermott. It pictured children zoo visitors riding, somewhat precariously, on Jumbo's back. Multiple American lithographic music covers were done, including by J. H. Bufford's Sons.

Canadian folk singer James Gordon wrote the song "Jumbo's Last Ride" which recounts the story of Jumbo's life and death. It is on his 1999 CD Pipe Street Dreams.^[15]

See also

• The Greatest Show on Earth: A movie based on the story of the Barnum and Bailey Circus.
• History of elephants in Europe
• List of historical elephants

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jumbo.

• 1942 photo of the 'stuffed' Jumbo at the Barnum Museum
• Jumbo Images from the PT Barnum Collection at Tufts University
• The Story of Jumbo's Death
• Jumbo memorial in St. Thomas, ON, Canada
• Jumbo in typical trade card advertising.
• The North America Railway Hall of Fame