Julius Popper
| Julius Popper | |
|---|---|
 Julius Popper | |
| Born |
December 15, 1857 Bucharest, Romania |
| Died |
June 5, 1893 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Nationality | Romanian , Argentine |
| Known for | Selk'nam genocide |
Julius Popper (December 15, 1857 – June 5, 1893), also known in Spanish as Julio Popper, was a Romanian-born Argentine engineer, adventurer and explorer.[1] He was the designer of the modern outline of the city of Havana, Cuba.[2]
Known as a modern "conquistador" of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, he was a controversial but influential figure. Popper was one of the perpetrators of the genocide against the native Selk'nam people.
Life
Popper was born in 1857 to a Jewish family in Bucharest, son of professor Neftali Popper, a prosperous antiques merchant, and his wife Peppi. He studied in Paris and completed gaining credentials as an engineer.
After working in Europe for several years, he took a job working on the infrastructure for the telegraph in Chile. He arrived in Argentina in 1885, where he became attracted by the possibility of gold mining in Tierra del Fuego. On 7 September 1886 he led an 18-man expedition that included a chief engineer, a mineralogist, a journalist and a photographer. They found gold dust on the beach of El Páramo, in San Sebastián Bay. The expedition was rigorously and strictly enforced according to military standards with heavily armed men, with Popper in direct command of everything. He succeeded in unearthing great amounts of gold and his Compania de Lavaderos de Oro del Sud realized enormous capital gains at the Argentine stock exchange. A mint built to manage the gold has been adapted as the Museum at the End of the Earth, officially known as the Museo Territorial.
In Patagonia, Popper gained dominance with a private army. He issued his own coins and stamps to symbolize his power. When the Argentine peso lost its value in the market crash of 1890, his gold coins were regarded as currency.
Popper vigorously fought against his enemies; he punished gold diggers and thieves according to arbitrary law. The most controversial aspect of his life was his participation in the Selk'nam genocide against the native communities on Tierra del Fuego. Sheep farmers and gold miners fought against them; the former because the Selk'nam would hunt sheep in their former territories and the latter because of conflicts over mining areas. Together with other bounty hunters, who were paid to kill the Selk'nam, Popper too sent his armed forces to manhunt them.[3][4]
Popper also prepared an expedition to enforce the Argentine claim for parts of Antarctica.
After his sudden death in Buenos Aires at the age of 35, his empire collapsed. The cause of his death has not been established. Contemporary American journalist John R. Spears says that he was poisoned by "men whom he had offended in the south."[5]
In fiction
- Daniel Ares wrote a novel about Popper's life called Popper - la Patagonia del oro.
- Patricio Manns features him as one of the main characters of his novel, El Corazón a Contraluz (1996).
- He was played by Cuban actor Jorge Perugorría in the film Tierra del Fuego (2000), where he appears as a Romanian Orthodox man working for queen Carmen Sylva of Romania.
- Popper figures in the back-story to the short story "Tierra del Fuego" by Francisco Coloane, on which the film was based.
- In a play written by Céline Monsarrat, La mère de la mariée, his story is briefly but accurately explained, and emotionally described.
See also
References
- ↑ Michael, Thomas; Cuhaj, George (2009). Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins. Krause Publications. p. 80.
- ↑ Alem, Leandro N. "Julius Popper - El Emperador de la Patagonia". Taringa! (in Spanish).
- ↑ Odone, C. and M.Palma, "La muerte exhibida fotografias de Julius Popper en Tierra del Fuego", in Mason and Odone, eds, 12 miradas. "Culturas de Patagonia: 12 Miradas: Ensayos sobre los pueblos patagonicos", Cited in Mason, Peter. 2001. The Lives of Images, P.153
- ↑ Ray, Leslie (2007). Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile. Copenhagen: IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). pp. 80, 207. ISBN 978-879156337-9.
- ↑ Spears, John R. (1895). The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn: A Study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. New Rochelle, NY: Putnam's Sons. p. 10.
Further readings
- Ansel, Bernard D. (1970). European Adventurer in Tierra del Fuego: Julio Popper. The Hispanic American Historical Review. 50. Duke University Press. pp. 89–110. doi:10.2307/2511634.
- Bajas Irizar, Maria Paz (December 2005). "Montaje del álbum fotográfico de Tierra del Fuego" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Antropología Visual (in Spanish). 6: 34–54. ISSN 0717-876X. English extract.
- Braun Menéndez, Armando. "Julio Popper, el dictador fueguino". MFM (Museo del Fin del Mundo) (in Spanish).
- Glaser, Cherie; Glaser, Walter. "From Argentina's Glaciers to Tierra del Fuego". Sally's Place.
- Odone, Carolina; Marisol, Palma (2003). "La muerte exhibida: Fotografías de Julius Popper en Tierra del Fuego (1886-1887)". In Odone; Mason. 12 Miradas. Ensayos sobre los Selknam, Yaganes y Kawesqar (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Cuerpos Pintados.
- Julio Popper (in Spanish).