John Methuen (diplomat)

John Methuen
"The Rt Hon John Methuen as Lord Chancellor of Ireland", by Adrien Carpentiers
Personal details
Born	1650 Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, England
Died	2 July 1706(1706-07-02) (age 55-56) Lisbon, Portugal
Nationality	British
Spouse(s)	Mary Cheevers
Children	Sir Paul Methuen, Isabella Methuen
Occupation	Politician

John Methuen (1650–1706) was an English diplomat and judge. He held office simultaneously as Lord Chancellor of Ireland and English ambassador to Portugal. In the latter role he and his son Paul negotiated the Methuen Treaty, the achievement for which John is chiefly remembered.

Early life and career

He was born in Bradford-on-Avon in Wiltshire, the eldest son of Paul Methuen (died 1667), who was said to be the richest cloth merchant in England of his time, and his wife Grace Ashe. He attended St. Edmund Hall, Oxford but did not take a degree. He entered the Inner Temple and was called to the Bar in 1674. He married Mary Cheevers, whose father like his own was a rich clothier: they had five children including the diplomat Sir Paul Methuen. The marriage was unhappy, no doubt due to John's notorious infidelity, and ended in separation.

In 1685 he became Master in Chancery, a post he held for the rest of his life. He was elected to the House of Commons of England as member for Devizes in 1690 and served that constituency, with one short break, until his death.

He was appointed the English envoy to Portugal in 1691, to his delight, as he looked forward to a "not too onerous position in an agreeable climate". He established good relations with King Pedro II which were of value later in negotiating the Methuen Treaty, but was required to return to England on his appointment to the Council of Trade, while his son Paul remained in Lisbon to act as deputy envoy. John had two powerful friends in James Vernon, the Under-Secretary of State, and Vernon's great patron Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, who, though he was not then a Minister, was probably King William's closest political adviser. On the death of Sir Charles Porter they recommended Methuen as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Although Lord Somers, the English Lord Chancellor, thought little of Methuen, saying that he knew of "nothing that qualified him for such an office", Sunderland at that time effectively controlled Court patronage, and Methuen was duly appointed.

Lord Chancellor of Ireland

Methuen's political experience in England and Portugal could not have adequately prepared him for the bitter and faction-ridden world of Irish politics. The Irish Parliament during his tenure as Lord Chancellor dealt with issues of security, trade, whether to honour (even in part) the articles of the Treaty of Limerick, and the Penal Laws, all of which were the subject of intense controversy and heated debate. Methuen, as Speaker of the Irish House of Lords, was heavily involved in these debates, and claimed that on the Limerick Treaty articles alone he had attended the House 22 times. He clashed with the powerful William King, Bishop of Derry, and was severely criticised in England for his handling of the debate. He was required to spend more and more time in England, leading to complaints that he was an absentee Chancellor; Elrington Ball in his history of the Irish judiciary remarked that though he held office he could hardly be said to occupy it. Methuen complained that his reputation had been ruined and contemplated resignation, due to his belief that King William III had lost confidence in him. He quarrelled with the hot-tempered Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry, who challenged him to a duel. The matter was complicated when Richard Ingoldsby, later one of the Lord Justices of Ireland, who carried the challenge, was arrested, but to avoid further embarrassment the King quickly ordered Ingoldsby's release.

The Irish born writer John Dunton, visiting Dublin in 1698, left a valuable sketch of the Irish Courts. He described most of the Irish judges as being men of such high reputation that "no one complains of them"; but made a significant exception for Methuen, who he remarked seems to be out of vogue.

Return to Portugal

He returned to Portugal as the English envoy and then as full Ambassador, holding this office with some intervals from 1702 until his death. Until 1703 he was permitted to retain the Irish Chancellorship. In 1703 he received the title Ambassador Extraordinary, but not without some difficulty. Initially Lord Nottingham, the Secretary of State, refused it to him, causing him to complain to the royal confidante Sarah Churchill, who in turn complained to Queen Anne. The Queen, whose long friendship with Sarah was wearing thin, partly due to Sarah's notoriously bad temper, replied wearily that "I always took it for granted that Mr. Methuen was to have the title Ambassador Extraordinary".

Methuen Treaty

See main article: Methuen Treaty

In 1702 Methuen persuaded the Portuguese Government to break their alliance with Louis XIV, and then began lengthy negotiations for an offensive and defensive alliance. Paul in his father's absence ultimately concluded the Treaty on 16 May 1703, a step of great significance in the War of the Spanish Succession.

John, on his return from England, concluded a commercial treaty on 27 December 1703, opening Portugal to the English cloth trade in return for preferential rates of duty on the import of wine. How beneficial to either country the Treaty was in the long run has been debated; possibly its most important result was the development of the port wine trade, and it was later referred to humorously as "the Port-Wine Treaty".

Last years

Methuen in later life increasingly suffered from gout and rheumatism; his health failed and he died, while still in office, on 2 July 1706. His body was embalmed and he was buried in Westminster Abbey. His son Paul and his daughter Isabella (died 1711) are buried close by.

Reputation

Despite his undoubted skill as a diplomat, Methuen was a controversial figure, who made many enemies, including Jonathan Swift who dismissed him as "a profligate rogue without religion or morals, cunning enough but without abilities of any kind". His much publicized affair with Sarah Earle, the wife of a diplomatic colleague, damaged his professional standing. Even among his Whig colleagues, opinion varied: James Vernon thought highly of him, but Lord Somers clearly did not, and his friendship with Sunderland did his reputation no good in the eyes of those ( who were probably a majority of the political class) who regarded Sunderland himself as "the subtlest villain on the face of the earth".

References

• G.F.R. Barker "Methuen, John (1650–1706) revised by Thomas Doyle Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004
• Francis Elrington Ball The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 John Murray London 1926
• Edward Gregg Queen Anne Yale University Press 2001
• J.P. Kenyon Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1641-1702 Longmans Green 1958