James Montgomery (poet)

James Montgomery (4 November 1771 – 30 April 1854) was a Scottish-born poet, hymn writer and editor. He was particularly associated with humanitarian causes such as the campaigns to abolish slavery and to end the exploitation of child chimney sweeps.

Early life and poetry

Montgomery was born at Irvine in Ayrshire in south-west Scotland, the son of a pastor and missionary of the Moravian Brethren. He was sent to be trained for the ministry at the Moravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds, while his parents left for the West Indies, where both died within a year of each other. At Fulneck, secular studies were banned, but James nevertheless found means of borrowing and reading a good deal of poetry and made ambitious plans to write epics of his own. Failing school, he was apprenticed to a baker in Mirfield, then to a store-keeper at Wath-upon-Dearne. After further adventures, including an unsuccessful attempt to launch himself into a literary career in London, he moved to Sheffield in 1792 as assistant to Joseph Gales, auctioneer, bookseller and printer of the Sheffield Register, who introduced Montgomery into the local Lodge of Oddfellows. Accordingly, he also eventually composed a song addressed to the Oddfellows.^[1] In 1794, Gales left England to avoid political prosecution and Montgomery took the paper in hand, changing its name to the Sheffield Iris.

These were times of political repression and he was twice imprisoned on charges of sedition. The first time was in 1795 for printing a poem celebrating the fall of the Bastille; the second in 1796 was for criticising a magistrate for forcibly dispersing a political protest in Sheffield. His later account of this episode was published in 1840.^[2] Turning the experience to some profit, in 1797 he published a pamphlet of poems written during his captivity, as Prison Amusements. For some time the Iris was the only newspaper in Sheffield; but beyond the ability to produce fairly creditable articles from week to week, Montgomery was devoid of the journalistic faculties which would have enabled him to take advantage of his position.^[3] Other newspapers arose to fill the place which his might have occupied and in 1825 he sold it on to a local bookseller, John Blackwell.

Meanwhile, Montgomery continued to write poetry and achieved some fame with The Wanderer of Switzerland (1806), a poem in six parts written in seven-syllable cross-rhymed quatrains.^[4] The poem addressed the French annexation of Switzerland and quickly went through two editions. When it was denounced the following year in the conservative Edinburgh Review as a poem that would be speedily forgotten, Lord Byron came to its defence in the satire English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.^[5] Nevertheless, within eighteen months a fourth impression of 1500 copies was issued from the very presses that had printed the critique and several more were to follow. This success brought Montgomery a commission from the printer Bowyer to write a poem on the abolition of the slave trade, to be published along with other poems on the subject by Elizabeth Benger and James Grahame in a handsome illustrated volume. The subject appealed at once to the poet's philanthropic enthusiasm and to his own touching associations with the West Indies. The four-part poem in heroic couplets appeared in 1809 as The West Indies.^[6]

Montgomery also used heroic couplets for The World before the Flood (1812), a piece of historical reconstruction in ten cantos. Following this he turned to attacking the lottery in Thoughts on Wheels (1817) and taking up the cause of the chimney sweeps' apprentices in The Climbing Boys' Soliloquies.^[7] His next major poem was Greenland (1819), a poem in five cantos of heroic couplets.^[8] This was prefaced by a description of the ancient Moravian church, its 18th-century revival and mission to Greenland in 1733. The poem was noted for the beauty of its descriptions:

The moon is watching in the sky; the stars

Are swiftly wheeling on their golden cars;

Ocean, outstretcht with infinite expanse,

Serenely slumbers in a glorious trance;

The tide, o’er which no troubled spirits breathe,

Reflects a cloudless firmament beneath,

Where poised as in the centre of a sphere

A ship above and ship below appear;

A double image pictured on the deep,

The vessel o’er its shadow seems to sleep;

Yet, like the host of heaven, that never rest,

With evanescent motion to the west,

The pageant glides through loneliness and night,

And leaves behind a rippling wake of light.

(Canto 1, lines 1-14)

Later career

The statue of James Montgomery on the Sheffield Cathedral forecourt.

After retiring from newspaper editorship, Montgomery's only other long poem is The Pelican Island (1828), nine cantos of descriptive blank verse which garnered mixed responses, ranging between the summarily dismissive and Blackwood's Magazine's "the best of all Montgomery's poems: in idea the most original, in execution the most powerful...".^[6] But Montgomery himself expected that his name would live, if at all, in his hymns. Some of these, such as "Hail to the Lord's Anointed", "Prayer is the Soul's Sincere Desire", "Stand up and bless the Lord" and the carol "Angels from the Realms of Glory", are still sung. His song, "The Lord Is My Shepherd" is a popular hymn with many denominations and is based on Psalm 23. ^[9] The earliest of his hymns dates from his days in Wath on Dearne and he added to their number over the years. The main boost came when the Revd James Cotterill arrived at the parish church St Paul's, a chapel of ease to St Peter's, Sheffield's only parish church, in 1817. St Paul's was demolished in 1937.

Cotterill had compiled and published A Selection of Psalms and Hymns Adapted to the Services of the Church of England in 1810, but to his disappointment and concern he found that his new parishioners did not take kindly to using it. He therefore enlisted the help of James Montgomery to help him revise the collection and improve it by adding some hymns of the poet's own composition. This new edition, meeting with the approval of the Archbishop of York (and eventually of the parishioners of St Paul’s), was finally published in 1820. In 1822 Montgomery published his own Songs of Zion: Being Imitations of Psalms,^[10] the first of several more collections of hymns. During his life he composed some 400, although less than a hundred are commonly sung today.^[11]

In 1830, Montgomery produced an epitaph for the six children of Thomas and Ann Rigg who died in a nationally-reported tragic boating accident on the River Ouse, York. It was inscribed on a monument to them, funded by public subscription, which still stands in the churchyard of St Lawrence Parish Church, York.^[12]

From 1835 until his death, Montgomery lived at The Mount in Glossop Road, Sheffield.^[13] He was very well regarded in the city and played an active part in its philanthropic and religious life. He died on 30 April 1854, was honoured by a public funeral, and buried in the Sheffield cemetery. He was unmarried.^[14]

Legacy

In 1861, a monument designed by John Bell (1811–1895) was erected over his grave in the Sheffield cemetery at a cost of £1000, raised by public subscription on the initiative of the Sheffield Sunday School Union, of which he was among the founding members. On its granite pedestal is inscribed: "Here lies interred, beloved by all who knew him, the Christian poet, patriot, and philanthropist. Wherever poetry is read, or Christian hymns sung, in the English language, 'he being dead, yet speaketh' by the genius, piety and taste embodied in his writings." There are also extracts from his poems "Prayer" and "The Grave". After it fell into disrepair the statue was moved to the precinct of Sheffield Cathedral in 1971, where there is also a memorial window.

Elsewhere in Sheffield there are various streets named after Montgomery and a Grade II-listed drinking fountain on Broad Lane. The meeting hall of the Sunday Schools Union (now known as The Montgomery), in Surrey Street, was named in his honour in 1886; it houses a 420-seat theatre which also bears his name. Elsewhere, Wath-upon-Dearne, flattered by being called "the queen of villages" in his work, has repaid the compliment by naming after him a community hall, a street and a square. His birthplace in Irvine was renamed 'Montgomery House' after he paid the town a return visit in 1841 but has since been demolished.

Other works

• Verses to the memory of the late Richard Reynolds, of Bristol. 1816. 
• Poetical Works, four editions in 1828, 1836, 1841, and 1854
• ed. The Chimney-Sweeper's Friend and Climbing-Boy's Album, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824. Garland facsimile, intro. by Donald H. Reiman, 1978
• ed. The Christian Psalmist; or, Hymns, Selected and Original, Glasgow: Chalmers and Collins, 1825. 6th edn. 1829; Read Books, 2008, ISBN 9781409799900
• ed. The Christian poet; or, selections in verse on sacred subjects, Wm Collins, Glasgow, 1825
• Original Hymns For Public, Private, and Social Devotion, London: Longman, Brown, Green, 1853
• Sacred Poems and Hymns: For Public and Private Devotion. D. Appleton. 1854. 
• Prose by a Poet, 2 vols, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824
• Lectures on poetry and general literature. 1833. 
• A practical detail of the cotton manufacture of the United States of America: and the state of the cotton manufacture of that country contrasted and compared with that of Great Britain; with comparative estimates of the cost of manufacturing in both countries ... J. Niven. 1840. 

References

External links

• Works by or about James Montgomery at Internet Archive
• Works by James Montgomery at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The 1854 illustrated edition of Montgomery's poems
• John Holland and James Everett, Memoirs of the life and writings of James Montgomery: including selections from his correspondence, remains in prose and verse, and conversations on various subjects, London, 1855
•  "Montgomery, James". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.