Indo-Pacific languages

Indo-Pacific
(spurious)
Geographic
distribution:		 Oceania
Linguistic classification: Proposed language family
Subdivisions:
  • (Great) Andamanese
  • West
  • Nuclear
  • Northeast
  • East
  • Pacific
  • Tasmanian
  • (Kusunda)
Glottolog: None

Indo-Pacific is a hypothetical language macrofamily proposed in 1971 by Joseph Greenberg and now believed to be spurious. It grouped together the Papuan languages of New Guinea and Melanesia with the languages of the Andaman Islands (or at least Great Andamanese) and, tentatively, the languages of Tasmania, both of which are remote from New Guinea. Many of the cognates Greenberg found are now thought to be reflexes of the less extensive Trans–New Guinea family.

Proposal

The Indo-Pacific proposal, grouping the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea with certain languages spoken on islands to the east and west of New Guinea, was first made by Greenberg in 1971. Greenberg's supporter Merritt Ruhlen considers Indo-Pacific an extremely diverse and ancient family, far older than Austronesian, which reflects a migration from southeast Asia that began only 6,000 years ago; he notes that New Guinea was inhabited by modern humans at least 40,000 years ago, and possibly 10,000 to 15,000 years earlier than that.[1] Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza sees Indo-Pacific as a very heterogenous family of 700 languages and suggests that it may be more than 40,000 years old.[2]

Reception

Greenberg's proposal was based on rough estimation of lexical similarity and typological similarity and has not reached a stage where it can be confirmed by the standard comparative method, including the reconstruction of a protolanguage. The languages of Tasmania are extinct and so poorly attested that many historical linguists regard them as unclassifiable. Roger Blench has dismissed the Indo-Pacific proposal as improbable, observing that while it "purported to be a purely linguistic exercise...it conveniently swept up all the languages of the crinklyhaired populations in the region that were not clearly Austronesian." He writes that despite decades of further research into Papuan languages and prehistory, Indo-Pacific is still not accepted by specialists and that it "only exists in the eye of the believer."[3] George van Driem (2001)[4] responds as follows:

Racial notions have continued to be uncritically applied to language groupings. As late as 1971, Joseph Greenberg resurrected the old idea that "the bulk of non-Austronesian languages of Oceania from the Andaman Islands on the west of the Bay of Bengal to Tasmania in the Southeast form a single group of genetically related languages for which the name Indo-Pacific is proposed." This hypothesis is identical to Finck's 1909 family of "Sprachen der ozeanischen Neger", a group for which indeed the name "Indo-Pacific" had already been in use, with its roots in the "Pan-Negrito Theory" of physical anthropologists (cf. Skeat and Blagden 1906: 25-28). Appropriately, Roger Blench has described the Indo-Pacific hypothesis as "essentially a crinkly hair hypothesis".

The linguistic evidence which Greenberg adduced for Indo-Pacific is unconvincing, and lexical look-alikes and superficial typological similarities in languages cannot convincingly demonstrate a theory of linguistic relationships conceived solely on the basis of the physical attributes of the speakers.

Since Greenberg's work, the languages of New Guinea have been intensively studied by Stephen Wurm. Wurm's Trans–New Guinea languages family includes about 70 percent of the languages Greenberg included in Indo-Pacific,[1] though the internal classification is entirely different. Wurm states that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese, West Papuan (which is not part of Trans–New Guinea), and certain languages of Timor "are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity […] in a number of instances", but considers this to be due to a linguistic substratum rather than a direct relationship.[5]

Pawley (2008) is the only thorough review of the proposal. He found that all branches of Indo-Pacific except Tasmanian and Andamanese include languages from Trans–New Guinea, and that this explains the more reasonable cognates that Greenberg proposed, but because these Trans–New Guinea languages are mixed in with languages from other families in those branches, cognates linking the branches do not provide support for Greenberg's proposal that all Papuan languages are related.[6]

External classification

Ruhlen writes that at present there is only sparse evidence connecting Indo-Pacific to the world's other language families, but believes that further research will provide better evidence. He sees the current lack of evidence as the result partly of the general lack of knowledge of these languages and the scarcity of meaningful historical studies of them, and partly of the great linguistic diversity of New Guinea. Ruhlen gives the Southern Tasmanian mo-took (forefinger), the Southeastern Tasmanian togue (hand), the Proto-Karonan *dik (one), the Boven Mbian tek (fingernail), and the Digul tuk (fingernail) as examples of forms that may be related to tik, a widespread root "whose original meaning was probably 'finger'." According to him, the root can also be found in Nilo-Saharan, Niger–Kordofanian, Afroasiatic, Eurasiatic, Dené–Caucasian, Austric, and Amerind.[1]

Ruhlen regards pal, meaning two, as another common root in the world's languages; within Indo-Pacific, related forms with the same meaning in the Andamanese languages include Biada (ik)pāūr(-da), Kede (ír-)pōl, Chariar (nér-)pól, and Juwoi (ró-)pāūr, related forms with the same meaning in Tasmania include Southeastern Tasmanian boula ~ bura ~ pooalih, and related forms with the same meaning in New Guinea include Ndani bere and Sauweri pere. According to him, similar forms can also be found outside Indo-Pacific in Australian, Nilo-Saharan, Niger–Kordofanian, Afroasiatic, Eurasiatic, Dravidian, Austric, and Amerind, although its meaning has changed significantly in some of these families.[1]

Subdivision

According to Greenberg, Indo-Pacific consists of fourteen families, not counting a few which he could not classify. He suggested a tentative sub-classification into seven groups, listed in bold below. Some languages have not been identified.

The following were left unclassified:

Comparison

This classification was never widely accepted, and was largely passed over for that of Stephen Wurm. They do not agree well. For example,

The few similarities are retentions from earlier linguists' work:

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994
  2. ↑ Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. Genes, Peoples, and Languages. University of California Press: Berkeley, 2001
  3. ↑ Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2008), The Languages Of The Tasmanians And Their Relation To The Peopling Of Australia: Sensible and Wild Theories
  4. ↑ Languages of the Himalayas, vol. 1, pp 139–141
  5. ↑ Wurm, S.A. (1977). New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
  6. ↑ Andrew Pawley, 2008. An assessment of Greenberg’s Indo-Pacific hypothesis (draft)
  7. ↑ Southern Andamanese languages not addressed
  8. ↑ not the Tombenam in Northeastern
  9. ↑ Multitree ID as [mlu] is an error
  10. ↑ Multitree ID as [szn] is an error
  11. ↑ Multitree ID as Bugis is an error
  12. ↑ Supposedly Wartha (Tonda), but the few words do not match.
  13. ↑ Identified with Biangai (Goilalan family) by Glottolog, but this makes little sense geographically.
  14. ↑ per
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ not Agob, pace Glottolog
  17. 1 2 Jabga is not Marind, but no words from it appear in Greenberg's proposal.
  18. ↑ Multitree ID as [bhu] is an error
  19. 1 2 The name Mogetemin is used for both Maibrat and Konda (Ogit). The vocabulary in Greenberg is clearly Maibrat, but the placement here looks to be an inherited classification for Konda.
  20. ↑ Multitree ID as Yidiny an error
  21. ↑ Multitree ID as Hitu an error
  22. ↑ Terence Hays, New Guinea Bibliography'
  23. ↑ Multitree ID as Nalca is an error
  24. ↑ Identified with Jimajima (Dagan family) by Glottolog, but this contradicts the location in Ray.

References

External links

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