Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
The Northeastern Woodlands is a cultural region that includes the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada
Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands include Native American tribes and First Nation bands residing in, or originating from, a cultural area, encompassing the northeastern and Midwest United States and southeastern Canada.[1] It is part of a broader grouping known as the Eastern Woodlands.[2] The Northeastern Woodlands is divided into three major areas: the Coastal, Saint Lawrence Lowlands, and Great Lakes-Riverine zones.[3]
The Coastal area includes the Atlantic Provinces in Canada, the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, south until North Carolina. The Saint Lawrence Lowlands area includes parts of Southern Ontario, upstate New York, much of the Saint Lawrence River area, and Susquehanna Valley.[3] The Great Lakes-Riverine area includes the remaining inland areas of the northeast, home to Central Algonquian and Siouan speakers.[4]
The Great Lakes region are sometimes considered a distinct cultural region, due to the large concentration of tribes in the area. The Northeastern Woodlands region is bound by the Subarctic to the north, the Great Plains to the west, and the Southeastern Woodlands to the south.[5]
List of indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of North America
- Abenaki (Tarrantine), Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Quebec, and Vermont
- Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire[6]
- Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont[6]
- Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains)
- Algonquin,[7] Quebec, Ontario
- Nipissing,[7] Ontario[6]
- Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin[6]
- Mississaugas, Ontario
- Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario
- Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario;[6] later Oklahoma
- Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[6] Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and Oklahoma
- Assateague, Maryland[8]
- Attawandaron (Neutral), Ontario[6]
- Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland[6]
- Chowanoke, North Carolina
- Choptank people, Maryland[8]
- Conoy, Virginia,[8] Maryland
- Erie, Pennsylvania, New York[6]
- Etchemin, Maine
- Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois,[6] later Iowa and Nebraska
- Honniasont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE—500 CE
- Housatonic, Massachusetts, New York[9]
- Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek), Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[6]
- Meskwaki (Fox), Michigan,[6] now Iowa, Oklahoma
- Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois
- Iroquois Confederacy[7] (Haudenosaunee), Ontario, Quebec, and New York[6]
- Kickapoo, Michigan,[6] Illinois, Missouri, now Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, 14th century—1580 CE
- Lenni Lenape (Delaware), Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York[10]
- Canarsie (Canarsee), formerly Long Island New York[11]
- Esopus, formerly New York,[10] later Ontario and Wisconsin
- Hackensack, formerly New York[10]
- Haverstraw (Rumachenanck), New York[12]
- Kitchawank (Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), New York[12]
- Minisink, formerly New York[10]
- Navasink,[12] to the east along the north shore of New Jersey
- Raritan, formerly Westchester County, New York[12]
- Sinsink (Sintsink), Westchester County, New York[12]
- Siwanoy, Massachusetts[12]
- Tappan, formerly New York[13]
- Waoranecks[14]
- Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek, Nochpeem), formerly New York[15][9]
- Warranawankongs[14]
- Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York[10]
- Unami-speaking subgroups
- Acquackanonk, Passaic River in northern New Jersey
- Okehocking, southeast Pennsylvania[14]
- Unalachtigo, Delaware, New Jersey
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York[10]
- Manahoac, Virginia[16]
- Mascouten, formerly Michigan[6]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts
- Ponkapoag, Massachusetts
- Menominee, Wisconsin[6]
- Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican[7]) Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[6]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts[7][17]
- Meherrin, Virginia,[18] North Carolina
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[6] and Maine
- Mohegan,[7] Connecticut
- Monacan, Virginia[19]
- Montaukett (Montauk),[7] New York
- Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[6]
- Narragansett, Rhode Island[7]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[7][17]
- Nipmuc (Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[17]
- Nottaway, Virginia,[18]
- Occaneechi (Occaneechee), Virginia[18][20][21]
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[6]
- Patuxent, Maryland[8]
- Paugussett, Connecticut[7]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequot, Connecticut[7]
- Petun (Tionontate), Ontario[6]
- Piscataway, Maryland[8]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[17]
- Podunk, New York,[17] eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
- Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia[8]
- Appomattoc, Virginia
- Arrohateck, Virginia
- Chesapeake, Virginia
- Chesepian, Virginia
- Chickahominy, Virginia[18]
- Kiskiack, Virginia
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia[18]
- Paspahegh, Virginia
- Powhatan, Virginia
- Pamunkey, Virginia[18]
- Quinnipiac, Connecticut,[7] eastern New York, northern New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia
- Sauk (Sac), Michigan,[6] now Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut[7]
- Shawnee, formerly Ohio,[6] Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently Oklahoma
- Shinnecock,[7] Long Island, New York[17]
- Stegarake, Virginia[16]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[18]
- Susquehannock, Maryland, Pennsylvania[6]
- Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia[22]
- Tunxis, Connecticut[7]
- Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
- Tutelo (Nahyssan), Virginia[18][20]
- Unquachog (Poospatuck), New YorkLong Island, New York[17]
- Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Novia Scotia, Quebec[7]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts[7]
- Wangunk, Mattabeset, Connecticut [7]
- Wenro, New York[6][7]
- Wicocomico, Maryland, Virginia
- Wolastoqiyik, Maliseet, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[6]
- Wyachtonok, Connecticut, New York[9]
- Wyandot (Huron), Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, and Wendake, Quebec
Contemporary Northeastern Woodlands First Nations in Canada
Further information: First Nations in Atlantic Canada and List of First Nations governments
Contemporary United States Federally Recognized Northeastern Woodlands tribes
- Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
- Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine
- Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
- Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan
- Cayuga Nation of New York
- Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy’s Reservation, Montana
- Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma
- Delaware Nation, Oklahoma
- Delaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma
- Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
- Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin
- Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan
- Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan
- Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wisconsin
- Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine
- Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, also considered a Great Plains tribe
- Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, also considered a Great Plains tribe
- Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan
- Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
- Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
- Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
- Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin
- Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan
- Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan
- Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan
- Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut
- Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts
- Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
- Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
- Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
- Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota
Six component reservations:- Bois Forte Band (Nett Lake)
- Fond du Lac Band, Minnesota, Wisconsin
- Grand Portage Band
- Leech Lake Band
- Mille Lacs Band
- White Earth Band
- Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
- Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island
- Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Michigan
- Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
- Oneida Nation of New York
- Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
- Onondaga Nation of New York
- Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine
- Penobscot Tribe of Maine
- Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
- Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan, Indiana
- Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, Kansas
- Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota
- Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota
- Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma
- Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
- Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
- St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, New York
- Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
- Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
- Seneca Nation of New York
- Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma
- Shinnecock Nation, New York
- Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin
- Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin
- Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York
- Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota, Montana, North Dakota
- Tuscarora Nation of New York
- Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts
- Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
See also
Notes
- ↑ Trigger, "Introduction" 1
- ↑ Mir Tamim Ansary (2001). Eastern Woodlands Indians. Capstone Classroom. p. 4. ISBN 9781588104519.
- 1 2 Trigger, "Introduction" 2
- ↑ Trigger, "Introduction" 3
- ↑ "History of Pre-colonial North America." Essential Humanities. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Sturtevant and Trigger ix
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Cultural Thesaurus". National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed 8 April 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sturtevant and Trigger 241
- 1 2 3 Sturtevant and Trigger 198
- 1 2 3 4 5 Goddard 72
- ↑ Goddard 72 and 237
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Goddard 237
- ↑ Goddard 72, 237–238
- 1 2 3 Goddard 238
- ↑ Goddard 72 and 238
- 1 2 Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sturtevant and Trigger 161
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ↑ Fogelson and Sturtevant 81
- 1 2 Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ↑ Sturtevant and Trigger 96
- ↑ Sturtevant and Trigger 255
References
- Trigger, Bruce C. "Introduction." William C. Sturtevant, general ed. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
- Trigger, Bruce, volume ed. Sturtevant, William C., general ed. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
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