Hydraulic diameter

The hydraulic diameter, D_H, is a commonly used term when handling flow in non-circular tubes and channels. Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. It is defined as

D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4A}{P}},

where A is the cross-sectional area, and P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section.

The Manning formula contains a quantity called the hydraulic radius. Despite what the name may suggest, the hydraulic diameter is not twice the hydraulic radius, but four times.

Hydraulic diameter is mainly used for calculations involving turbulent flow. Secondary flows can be observed in non-circular ducts as a result of turbulent shear stress in the turbulent flow.

Hydraulic diameter is also used in calculation of heat transfer in internal flow problems.

List of hydraulic diameters

Geometry	Hydraulic diameter	Comment
Circular tube	$D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4\cdot {\frac {\pi D^{2}}{4}}}{\pi D}}=D$	For a circular tube the hydraulic diameter is simply the diameter of the tube.
Annulus	$D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4\cdot {\frac {\pi \left(D_{\mathrm {out} }^{2}-D_{\mathrm {in} }^{2}\right)}{4}}}{\pi \left(D_{\mathrm {out} }+D_{\mathrm {in} }\right)}}=D_{\mathrm {out} }-D_{\mathrm {in} }$
Square duct	$D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4a^{2}}{4a}}=a$
Rectangular duct (fully filled)	$D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4ab}{2(a+b)}}={\frac {2ab}{a+b}}$
Channel of water or partial filled rectangular duct	$D_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {4ab}{2a+b}}$	For the limiting case of a very wide duct, i.e. a slot of width b where b ≫ a, then D_H = 4b

For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross section is a regular polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter.

Hydraulic diameter

List of hydraulic diameters

See also