Hepatocyte nuclear factors

Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes into proteins. These proteins include blood clotting factors and in addition, enzymes and transporters involved with glucose, cholesterol, and fatty acid transport and metabolism.^[1]^[2]

Function

As the name suggests, hepatocyte nuclear factors are expressed predominately in the liver. However HNFs are also expressed and play important roles in a number of other tissues so that the name hepatocyte nuclear factor is somewhat misleading. Nevertheless, the liver is the only tissue in which a significant number of different HNFs are expressed at the same time. In addition, there are a number of genes which contain multiple promoter and enhancer regions each regulated by a different HNF. Furthermore, efficient expression of these genes require synergistic activation by multiple HNFs. Hence hepatocyte nuclear factors function to ensure liver specific expression of certain genes.

As is the case with many transcription factors, HNFs regulate the expression of a wide variety of target genes and therefore functions. These functions (and especially functions involving the liver) include development and metabolic homeostasis of the organism. For example, HNFs influence expression of the insulin gene as well as genes involved in glucose transport and metabolism. In embryo development, HNF4α is thought to have an important role in the development of the liver, kidney, and intestines.

Disease implication

Variants of the genes can cause several relatively rare forms of MODY, an inherited, early onset form of diabetes. Mutations in the HNF4α, HNF1α, or HNF1β genes are linked to MODY1, MODY3, and MODY5 respectively.^[3] Mutations in HNF genes are also associated with a number of others diseases including hepatic adenomas and renal cysts.

Members

The following is a list of human hepatocyte nuclear factors (see also boxes to the right for additional information about these proteins):

HNF1

Members of the HNF1 subfamily contain a POU-homeodomain and bind to DNA as homodimers.

HNF1α/TCF1/MODY3 (TCF1)
HNF1β/TCF2/MODY5 (TCF2)

hepatocyte nuclear factor 1, alpha
Structure of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (green cartoon) bound to DNA (magenta) based on the crystallographic coordinates PDB: 1IC8.
Identifiers
Symbol	TCF1
Alt. symbols	MODY3,HNF1, LFB1, HNF1A
Entrez	6927
HUGO	11621
OMIM	142410
PDB	1JB6
RefSeq	NM_000545
UniProt	P20823
Other data
Locus	Chr. 12 q24.3-12q24.3

hepatocyte nuclear factor 1, beta
Identifiers
Symbol	TCF2
Alt. symbols	HNF1beta, LFB3 MODY5, VHNF1
Entrez	6928
HUGO	11630
OMIM	189907
PDB	2H8R
RefSeq	NM_000458
UniProt	P35680
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q12-17q12

HNF3

The HNF3 subfamily members contain a winged helix DNA-binding domain and bind to DNA as monomers.

HNF3α/FOXA1 (forkhead box A1)
HNF3β/FOXA2 (forkhead box A2)
HNF3γ/FOXA3 (forkhead box A3)

hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, alpha
Identifiers
Symbol	FOXA1
Alt. symbols	HNF3A
Entrez	3169
HUGO	5021
OMIM	602294
RefSeq	NM_004496
UniProt	P55317
Other data
Locus	Chr. 14 q12-q13

hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, beta
Identifiers
Symbol	FOXA2
Alt. symbols	HNF3B
Entrez	3170
HUGO	5022
OMIM	600288
RefSeq	NM_021784
UniProt	Q9Y261
Other data
Locus	Chr. 20 p1120p11

hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, gamma
Identifiers
Symbol	FOXA3
Alt. symbols	HNF3G
Entrez	3171
HUGO	5023
OMIM	602295
RefSeq	NM_004497
UniProt	P55318
Other data
Locus	Chr. 19 q13.2-q13.4

HNF4

Members of the HNF4 subfamily are nuclear receptors and bind to DNA either as homodimers or RXR heterodimers.

HNF4α/TCF14/MODY1 (HNF4a)
HNF4γ (HNF4g)

hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
Identifiers
Symbol	HNF4A
Alt. symbols	MODY, MODY1, NR2A1, TCF14
Entrez	3172
HUGO	5024
OMIM	600281
PDB	1M7W
RefSeq	NM_001030004
UniProt	P41235
Other data
Locus	Chr. 20 q12-20q13.1

hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma
Identifiers
Symbol	HNF4G
Alt. symbols	NR2A2
Entrez	3174
HUGO	5026
OMIM	605966
PDB	1LV2
RefSeq	NM_004133
UniProt	Q14541
Other data
Locus	Chr. 8 q21-q22

HNF6

The HNF6 subfamily members contain a cut-homeodomain (ONECUT) bind to DNA as monomers.

HNF6α/OC-1/ONECUT1 (ONECUT1)
HNF6β/OC-2/ONECUT2 (ONECUT2)

hepatocyte nuclear factor 6, alpha
Identifiers
Symbol	ONECUT1
Alt. symbols	HNF6, HNF6A
Entrez	3175
HUGO	8138
OMIM	604164
RefSeq	NM_004498
UniProt	Q9UBC0
Other data
Locus	Chr. 15 q21-q21.2

hepatocyte nuclear factor 6, beta
Identifiers
Symbol	ONECUT2
Alt. symbols	HNF6B, OC-2
Entrez	9480
HUGO	8139
OMIM	604894
RefSeq	NM_004852
UniProt	O95948
Other data
Locus	Chr. 18 q21.1-21.2

References

↑ Costa RH, Kalinichenko VV, Holterman AX, Wang X (2003). "Transcription factors in liver development, differentiation, and regeneration". Hepatology. 38 (6): 1331–47. doi:10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.034. PMID 14647040.
↑ Mitchell SM, Frayling TM (2002). "The role of transcription factors in maturity-onset diabetes of the young". Mol Genet Metab. 77 (1-2): 35–43. doi:10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00150-6. PMID 12359128.
↑ Ryffel GU (2001). "Mutations in the human genes encoding the transcription factors of the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1 and HNF4 families: functional and pathological consequences". J Mol Endocrinol. 27 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0270011. PMID 11463573.

Additional images

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A bound to DNA
Different rendering of HNF1a bound to DNA

External links

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Transcription networks in the liver
transthyretin promoter, an example of a regulatory region containing HNF binding sites
HNF4 in genetics of diabetes

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 2 3 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND 1 2 HES 5 6 HEY 1 2 L HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID 1 2 3 4 LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins 1 2 3 NeuroD 1 2 NPAS 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Pho4 Scleraxis SIM 1 2 TAL 1 2 Twist USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2

(1.4) NF-1	NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4)

(1.5) RF-X	RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 α β γ δ ε

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)

subfamily 1	Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR

subfamily 2	COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX

subfamily 3	Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ

subfamily 4	NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1

subfamily 5	LRH-1 SF1

subfamily 6	GCNF

subfamily 0	DAX1 SHP

(2.2) Other Cys₄

GATA
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
MTA
- 1
- 2
- 3
TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂

General transcription factors
- TFIIA
- TFIIB
- TFIID
- TFIIE
  - 1
  - 2
- TFIIF
- 1
- 2
  - TFIIH
  - 1
  - 2
  - 4
  - 2I
  - 3A
  - 3C1
  - 3C2

ATBF1
BCL
- 6
- 11A
- 11B
CTCF
E4F1
EGR
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
ERV3
GFI1
GLI-Krüppel family
- 1
- 2
- 3
- REST
- S1
- S2
- YY1
HIC
- 1
- 2
HIVEP
- 1
- 2
- 3
IKZF
- 1
- 2
- 3
ILF
- 2
- 3
KLF
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 17
MTF1
MYT1
OSR1
PRDM9
SALL
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
SP
- 1
- 2
- 4
- 7
- 8
TSHZ3
WT1
Zbtb7
- 7A
- 7B
ZBTB
- 11
- 16
- 17
- 20
- 32
- 33
- 40
zinc finger
- 3
- 7
- 9
- 10
- 19
- 22
- 24
- 33B
- 34
- 35
- 41
- 43
- 44
- 51
- 74
- 143
- 146
- 148
- 165
- 202
- 217
- 219
- 238
- 239
- 259
- 267
- 268
- 281
- 295
- 300
- 318
- 330
- 346
- 350
- 365
- 366
- 384
- 423
- 451
- 452
- 471
- 593
- 638
- 644
- 649
- 655

(2.4) Cys₆

HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition

AIRE
DIDO1
GRLF1
ING
- 1
- 2
- 4
JARID
- 1A
- 1B
- 1C
- 1D
- 2
JMJD1B

(2.6) WRKY

WRKY

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeodomain	ARX CDX 1 2 CRX CUTL1 DBX 1 2 DLX 3 4 5 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS 1 2 MEOX2 MNX1 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 6-1 6-2 NOBOX PBX 1 2 3 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX 1 2 3 POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 OTX 1 2 PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 VAX1 ZEB 1 2

(3.2) Paired box	PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 RAX

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4

(3.4) Heat shock factors	HSF 1 2 4

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5

(4.2) STAT	STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6

(4.3) p53	p53 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 A B C D SRF

(4.6) TATA-binding proteins	TBP TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group	BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF 3 4 TOX 1 2 3 4

(4.9) Grainyhead	TFCP2

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA 1 2 HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb RBL1 RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 EREBP B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 5/31/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.