Influenza A virus subtype H3N2

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). H3N2 Viruses can infect birds and mammals. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains. H3N2 is increasingly abundant in seasonal influenza, which kills an estimated 36,000 people in the United States each year.

Classification

H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes.

Seasonal H3N2 flu

Seasonal influenza kills an estimated 36,000 people in the United States each year. Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. Separate vaccines are developed for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in preparation for their annual epidemics. In the tropics, influenza shows no clear seasonality. In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.[1]

Seasonal H3N2 flu is a human flu from H3N2 that is slightly different from one of last year's flu season H3N2 variants. Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. Identifying the source of the viruses allows global health officials to better predict which viruses are most likely to cause the most disease over the next year. An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to 9 months earlier than anywhere else. The strains generally reached Australia and New Zealand next, followed by North America and Europe. The new variants typically reached South America after an additional six to 9 months, the group reported.[2]

Swine flu

Main article: Swine influenza
Pigs can harbor influenza viruses adapted to humans and others that are adapted to birds, allowing the viruses to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain.

"In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the classic H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. Most H3N2 virus isolates are triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages. Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses."[3]

Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. Health experts say pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans has increased to 91% in 2005. In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.[4] 11/10/2010 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued the following alert: Influenza A (H3N2) virus infections have been recently detected in people in a number of states across the US, including two small localized outbreaks. Sporadic cases of influenza and localized summer outbreaks from seasonal influenza viruses are detected each summer.[5]

Flu spread, by season

Hong Kong Flu (1968–1969)

Main article: Hong Kong flu
The influenza viruses that caused Hong Kong flu (magnified about 100,000 times)

The Hong Kong Flu was a category 2 flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide.[6][7][8] The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population, with a low death rate.[9] In the United States, about 33,800 people died.[10]

Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. H1N1 may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans (Belshe 2005).[11]

The Hong Kong flu strain shared internal genes and the neuraminidase with the 1957 Asian flu (H2N2). Accumulated antibodies to the neuraminidase or internal proteins may have resulted in much fewer casualties than most pandemics. However, cross-immunity within and between subtypes of influenza is poorly understood.

The Hong Kong flu was the first known outbreak of the H3N2 strain, though there is serologic evidence of H3N? infections in the late 19th century. The first record of the outbreak in Hong Kong appeared on 13 July 1968 in an area with a density of about 500 people per acre in an urban setting. The outbreak reached maximum intensity in two weeks, lasting six weeks in total. The virus was isolated in Queen Mary Hospital. Flu symptoms lasted four to five days.[9]

By July 1968, extensive outbreaks were reported in Vietnam and Singapore. By September 1968, it reached India, the Philippines, northern Australia and Europe. That same month, the virus entered California from returning Vietnam War troops. It reached Japan, Africa and South America in 1969.[9]

"Three strains of Hong Kong influenza virus isolated from humans were compared with a strain isolated from a calf for their ability to cause disease in calves. One of the human strains. A/Aichi/2/68, was detected for five days in a calf, but all three failed to cause signs of disease. Strain A/cal/Duschanbe/55/71 could be detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves."[12]

Fujian flu (2003–2004)

Main article: Fujian flu
Diagram of influenza virus nomenclature

Fujian flu refers to flu caused by either a Fujian human flu strain of the H3N2 subtype or a Fujian bird flu strain of the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus. These strains are named after Fujian, a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, across the Taiwan Strait from Taiwan.[13]

A/Fujian (H3N2) human flu (from A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like flu virus strains) caused an unusually severe 2003–2004 flu season. This was due to a reassortment event that caused a minor clade to provide a haemagglutinin gene that later became part of the dominant strain in the 2002–2003 flu season. A/Fujian (H3N2) was made part of the trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2004–2005 flu season and its descendants are still the most common human H3N2 strain.

2004–2005 flu season

The 2004–05 trivalent influenza vaccine for the United States contained:

2005–2006 flu season

The vaccines produced for the 2005–2006 season used:

2006–2007 flu season

The 2006–2007 influenza vaccine composition recommended by the World Health Organization on 15 February 2006 and the US FDA's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee on 17 February 2006 used:

2007–2008 flu season

The composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2007–2008 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organization on 14 February 2007[16] was:

"A/H3N2 has become the predominant flu subtype in the United States, and the record over the past 25 years shows that seasons dominated by H3N2 tend to be worse than those dominated by type A/H1N1 or type B." Many H3N2 viruses making people ill in this 2007–2008 flu season differ from the strains in the vaccine and may not be well covered by the vaccine strains. "The CDC has analyzed 250 viruses this season to determine how well they match up with the vaccine, the report says. Of 65 H3N2 isolates, 53 (81%) were characterized as A/Brisbane/10/2007-like, a variant that has evolved [notably] from the H3N2 strain in the vaccine—A/Wisconsin/67/2005."[19]

2008–2009 flu season

The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2008–2009 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organization on February 14, 2008[20] was:

As of May 30, 2009: "CDC has antigenically characterized 1,567 seasonal human influenza viruses [947 influenza A (H1), 162 influenza A (H3) and 458 influenza B viruses] collected by U.S. laboratories since October 1, 2008, and 84 novel influenza A (H1N1) viruses. All 947 influenza seasonal A (H1) viruses are related to the influenza A (H1N1) component of the 2008–09 influenza vaccine (A/Brisbane/59/2007). All 162 influenza A (H3N2) viruses are related to the A (H3N2) vaccine component (A/Brisbane/10/2007). All 84 novel influenza A (H1N1) viruses are related to the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) reference virus selected by WHO as a potential candidate for novel influenza A (H1N1) vaccine. Influenza B viruses currently circulating can be divided into two distinct lineages represented by the B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/02/87 viruses. Sixty-one influenza B viruses tested belong to the B/Yamagata lineage and are related to the vaccine strain (B/Florida/04/2006). The remaining 397 viruses belong to the B/Victoria lineage and are not related to the vaccine strain."[23]

2009–2010 flu season

The vaccines produced for the 2009–2010 season used:

A separate vaccine was available for pandemic H1N1 influenza using the A/California/7/2009-like pandemic H1N1 strain.[25]

2010–2011 flu season

The vaccines produced for the 2010–2011 season used:

2011–2012 flu season

The vaccines produced for the 2011–2012 season used:

2012–2013 flu season

The vaccines produced for the Northern Hemisphere 2012–2013 season used:

So far this season, most (91%) of the influenza viruses that have been analyzed at CDC are like the viruses included in the 2012–2013 influenza vaccine.

In January 2013, influenza activity continued to increase in the United States and most of the country is now experiencing high levels of influenza-like-illness (ILI), according to CDC’s latest FluView report. Reports of influenza-like-illness (ILI) are nearing what have been peak levels during moderately severe seasons, and CDC continues to recommend influenza vaccination and antiviral drug treatment when appropriate at this time.

On January 9, 2013, the Boston Government declared Public Health Emergency for H3N2 Flu Epidemic.[30]

One factor that may indicate increased severity this season is that the predominant circulating type of influenza virus is Influenza A (H3N2) viruses, which account for about 76 percent of the viruses reported. Typically, H3N2 seasons have been more severe, with higher numbers of hospitalizations and deaths.[31]

2014–2015 flu season

A man wearing a procedure mask prior to taking his octogenarian father home on Christmas 2014.

The vaccines produced for the Northern Hemisphere 2014–2015 season used:

Quadrivalent vaccines include a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[33] The CDC announced that drift variants of the A (H3N2) virus strain from the 2012–2013 potentially foretold a severe flu season for 2014–2015.[34][35]

2015–2016 flu season

The vaccines produced for the Northern Hemisphere 2015-2016 season used:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ronald Ban This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs. New York Times. January 15, 2006
  2. ↑ CIDRAP article Study: New seasonal flu strains launch from Asia published 16 April 2008
  3. ↑ René Gramer, Marie; Hoon Lee, Jee; Ki Choi, Young; Goyal, Sagar M.; Soo Joo, Han (2007). "Serologic and genetic characterization of North American H3N2 swine influenza A viruses". Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 71 (3): 201–206. PMC 1899866Freely accessible. PMID 17695595.
  4. ↑ WHO (28 October 2005). "H5N1 avian influenza: timeline" (PDF).
  5. ↑ 1 – VALUE DOMAIN:バリュードメイン. Virus-h3n2.com. Retrieved on 2012-03-19.
  6. ↑ Paul, William E. Fundamental Immunology. p. 1273.
  7. ↑ "World health group issues alert Mexican president tries to isolate those with swine flu". Associated Press. April 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  8. ↑ Mandel, Michael (April 26, 2009). "No need to panic ... yet Ontario officials are worried swine flu could be pandemic, killing thousands". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  9. 1 2 3 Starling, Arthur (2006). Plague, SARS, and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong. HK University Press. p. 55. ISBN 962-209-805-3.
  10. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.pandemicflu.gov/general/historicaloverview.html
  11. ↑ Chapter Two : Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner from excellent free on-line book Influenza Report 2006
  12. ↑ J Infect Dis. 1977 Apr;135(4):678-80. article Strains of Hong Kong influenza virus in calves
  13. ↑ Fujian also borders the north of China's Guangdong province, where Hong Kong is. Hong Kong is important in the early history of H5N1.
  14. ↑ CDC article Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, 2003–04 Season, and Composition of the 2004–05 Influenza Vaccine published 2 July 2004
  15. ↑ CDC fluwatch B/Victoria/2/87 lineage
  16. ↑ 14 February 2007: WHO information meeting (Morning)
  17. ↑ Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2007–2008 northern hemisphere influenza season. WHO
  18. ↑ WHO — Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2007–2008 influenza season (PDF)
  19. ↑ CIDRAP article Flu widespread in 44 states, CDC reports published 15 February 2008
  20. ↑ 14 February 2008: Information meeting (Morning)
  21. ↑ WHO website recommendation for 2008–2009 season
  22. ↑ WHO — Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2008–2009 influenza season (PDF)
  23. ↑ CDC article "2008–2009 Influenza Season Week 21 ending May 30, 2009" published May 30, 2009
  24. ↑ Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2009–2010 influenza season
  25. ↑ CDC weekly flu report
  26. ↑ CDC weekly flu report – Composition of the 2010–11 Influenza Vaccine
  27. ↑ FDA – 2011–2012 Formula Influenza Virus Vaccine
  28. ↑ "WHO recommends new B strain for next season's flu vaccine". Center for infectious Disease Research and Policy. 21 Feb 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  29. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization. 20 Sep 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  30. ↑ "Mayor declares flu emergency in Boston". Boston Herald. 9 Jan 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "Flu Activity Picks Up Nationwide CDC recommends vaccination and antiviral treatment against influenza". January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  32. ↑ "What You Should Know for the 2014-2015 Influenza Season". Center for infectious Disease Research and Policy. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  33. ↑
  34. ↑ cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p1204-flu-season.html
  35. ↑ /2014/12/08/dr-mark-dowell-urges-flu-shots-despite-mutated-h3n2-strain/

Further reading

External links

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