Future of the Royal Air Force

The planning for the future of the Royal Air Force involves supporting ongoing British military operations,^[1] the introduction of new aircraft types,^[2] greater focus on network enabled capability and increasing interoperability with members of NATO.^[1]

F-35 Lightning II

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole fighters under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defence missions with stealth capability. It was selected for the UK's Joint Combat Aircraft requirement in 2001 and is expected to enter service with the Royal Navy and the RAF from around 2020, replacing the existing Tornado GR4 and Harrier GR9 fleets (the latter already having been retired in late 2010), and operating from the Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers.^[3] It will be the main component of the RAF's manned strike capability, and marks the return of a carrier-borne strike capability for the Fleet Air Arm for the first time in nearly a decade.

The version initially selected was the Short Take Off Vertical Landing (STOVL) variant of the F-35, known as the F-35B. However, on 19 October 2010, David Cameron announced that the UK would change their order to the F-35C CATOBAR carrier variant for both the RAF and Navy. The F-35C variant features larger wings with folding wingtips and larger wing and tail control surfaces for improved low-speed control. This gives it a greater range and the ability to carry a larger and more diverse payload than the F-35B.^[4]

In May 2012, it was announced that the government had reverted to the previous plan to operate the Short Take Off Vertical Landing F-35B, due to rising estimated shipbuilding costs associated with the CATOBAR variant F-35C, and an earlier estimated in-service date for the F-35B.^[5]

The delivery of the UK's first F-35B was made on the 19 July 2012 at Fort Worth, Texas, for flight trials by the RAF and Royal Navy.^[6]

In 2015, the government's Strategic Defence and Security Review confirmed a planned order of 138 F-35s, with 24 of them to be available for carrier duties by 2023.^[7][8]

Current & Future Units:

• 17(R) Squadron, Edwards Air Force Base. 17(R) Squadron is the F-35B Operational Evaluation Unit.
• 617 Squadron, RAF Marham. 617 Squadron (The Dambusters), will be the first operational British F-35 unit in 2019.
• Additional unnamed frontline Squadron
• 1 Operation Conversion Squadron^[9]

Additionally, 809 Naval Air Squadron and another as-yet unnamed Fleet Air Arm squadron, both to be based at RAF Marham, will also operate the F-35.

Typhoon

It was announced in the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review that the Royal Air Force would retain its Tranche 1 Typhoons and use them to stand up an additional two squadrons. It was also announced that the aircraft would remain in service until 2040, ten years longer than previously planned.^[8] The Government also promised to invest further in Typhoon air-to-ground capabilities and in a new active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, as well as completing integration of the Storm Shadow and Brimstone missiles with the Typhoon.

Frontline Units

• 1(F) Squadron
• 2(AC) Squadron
• 3(F) Squadron
• 6 Squadron
• XI Squadron
• 3 additional squadrons TBA

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Protector

The Protector programme (formerly known as Scavenger) will supply a next-generation medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) UAV to replace the current General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAVs.^[10]

In June 2011, it was announced that BAE Systems and Dassault Aviation would collaborate on an aircraft called Telemos.^[11] It was suggested that BAE Systems would supply the airframe and guidance based on BAE Mantis, with a payload from Thales and integration by Dassault.^[12] However, the project was effectively abandoned in 2012 after Dassault pursued a collaboration with EADS Cassidian and Alenia Aermacchi instead.^[13]

In October 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron announced the purchase of more than 20 Protector UAVs which would be delivered by the end of the decade.^[14][15] This was later confirmed in the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review. The exact platform selected for Protector was not disclosed, but in February 2016, Christopher Ames of General Atomics Aeronautical Systems claimed that it would be a Certifiable Predator B.^[16] Air Commodore Peter Grinsted of the Ministry of Defence later confirmed that it would be an enhanced variant of Predator B, designed to be compatible with NATO airworthiness standards. He confirmed that it will also come with the extended wing and fuel tanks of the ER (Extended Range) version, giving an increased endurance of over 40 hours.^[17] In April 2016, the Ministry of Defence confirmed it would seek to acquire the Certifiable Predator B through a Foreign Military Sales contract with the U.S. Department of Defense.^[18][19]

According to MBDA, the Royal Air Force intends to arm the aircraft with Brimstone missiles.^[20]

Future Combat Air System (FCAS)

The Future Combat Air System (FCAS) (also known as the Unmanned Combat Air System (UCAS)) aims to deliver an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) by 2030.^[21] FCAS will be built in cooperation with France, utilizing technology from the BAE Taranis and Dassault nEUROn technology demonstrators.^[21] Development of full-scale prototypes is expected to begin by 2017.^[22] In the Royal Air Force, FCAS will be expected to operate alongside Typhoons and F-35 Lightning IIs.^[23]

As a UCAV, FCAS will utilize stealth technology to reduce its radar cross-section (its radar signature is reportedly the size of a dragonfly).^[24] It will feature a high degree of autonomy, enabling it to complete a large part of its missions without human control.^[24] It will have a 16-meter (50 ft) wingspan and two internal weapon bays.^[24]

According to Bernard Gray of the Ministry of Defence, technology from FCAS could also be incorporated onto a manned platform.^[21] Other officials have also insisted that a manned option for FCAS has not been ruled out.^[25] According to a House of Commons Defence Select Committee (DSC) report, a new "clean-sheet" manned fighter design has not been ruled out, nor has the option to buy further or upgrade existing aircraft.^[26]

Zephyr

Leading up to the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron announced that "British-designed unmanned aircraft will be constructed to fly at the very edge of the earth’s atmosphere and allow us to observe our adversaries for weeks on end, providing critical intelligence for our forces."^[27] Gareth Jennings of IHS Jane's identified this as the solar-powered Qinetiq Zephyr.^[28] The Ministry of Defence confirmed an initial order for two Zephyr aircraft in February 2016 for demonstration purposes.^[29] In August 2016, the MOD confirmed a purchase of a third Zephyr.^[30]

Transport and air-to-air refuelling

Atlas

Future transport capability will rely on the Airbus A400M Atlas, of which 22 are to be used to replace the Hercules C1/C3 (C-130K) aircraft.^[3]

The Airbus A400M will increase the airlift capacity and range compared with the aircraft it was originally set to replace, the older versions of the Hercules and Transall. Cargo capacity is expected to double over existing aircraft, both in payload and volume, and range is increased substantially as well. The cargo box is 17.71 m long excluding ramp, 4.00 m wide, and 3.85 m high. The height is 4.00 m aft of the wing and the ramp is 5.40 m long. The Airbus A400M will operate in many configurations including cargo transport, troop transport, Medical evacuation, and electronic surveillance. The aircraft is intended for use on short, soft landing strips and for long-range, cargo transport flights.^[31]

Current & Future Units

• 70 Squadron, based at RAF Brize Norton. The first A400M unit.
• 24 Squadron, the OCU Squadron that trains Atlas crews.^[32]
• 47 Squadron will re-equip with A400M following the retirement of the Hercules.

Hercules

Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included a reprieve for some of the Hercules fleet, with the Government announcing "We will upgrade and extend the life of our C130J aircraft, allowing them to support a range of operations until 2030".^[8] It had been reported that the Army's senior leadership was unhappy with the retirement of the Hercules aircraft, due to uncertainty regarding the A400M's and C-17's effectiveness in some tactical roles.^[33] The 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review envisioned a fleet of 14 C130J aircraft (the variant of which was not explicitly made clear).^[8]

• 24 Squadron
• 30 Squadron

Voyager

Fourteen Voyager air-to-air refuelling aircraft will be in service by 2025, with one fitted for transport of the Prime Minister, senior cabinet officials and the Royal Family.^[34][8]

• 10 Squadron
• 101 Squadron

Signals Intelligence

Air Seeker

A total of three Boeing RC-135 Rivet Joint signals intelligence aircraft have been ordered to replace the Nimrod R1, which was retired in 2011.^[35] These became known as Air Seeker when they entered RAF service in 2014.^[36] The aircraft is an extensively modified Boeing C-135 Stratolifter with onboard sensors which enable the crew to detect, identify and geolocate signals throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. The crew can then forward information in a variety of formats to a wide range of consumers via the onboard secure communications suite.

• 51 Squadron

Sentinel R1

The 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review announced that the Sentinel R1 would remain in service "until the next decade" with the intention that it be withdrawn by 2025.^[37]

• V(AC) Squadron

Shadow R1

The 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review stated that the Shadow R1 would remain in service until "at least" 2030. An additional two aircraft would also be procured for a total of eight in service by 2025.^[8]

• 14 Squadron

Project SOLOMON

In 2004, the Royal Air Force initiated Project DABINETT, an integrated architecture to collect, process and disseminate intelligence from manned and unmanned aircraft such as Sentinel and Watchkeeper. Initial Gate was approved in January 2008; when assessment phase contracts were awarded to BAe INSYTE and Lockheed Martin UK. In February 2010, it had been renamed Project SOLOMON. Phase I concentrates on disseminating information over the UK Defence Information Infrastructure networks, with Initial Operating Capability in March 2012 and Full Operating Capability in March 2015.^[38]

Maritime Patrol

Poseidon

One of the most anticipated announcements in the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 was the purchase of a maritime patrol aircraft to replace the capability lost after the cancellation of the Nimrod MRA.4 in 2010. The review announced that the UK planned to acquire 9 Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft, which would be based at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland by 2025.^[8] The aircraft will include an "overland surveillance capability", which could eventually replace the surveillance capability lost by the retirement of the Sentinel R1 in 2025. The RAF plans to operate its P-8s with U.S. weapons initially, with a possible transition onto British weapons in the future.^[39]

Helicopters

Chinook

On 16 December 2009, the Ministry of Defence announced that 22 Chinook helicopters would be added to the current Chinook fleet, bringing the total number in service to 70 by 2013. However, in 2010, the order was reduced to 14.^[3] The new aircraft will enter service from late 2014 onwards. In 2006, the retirement dates for the HC2 and HC2A fleets were scheduled for 2015 and 2025, respectively, however if planned upgrades were made both types could expect to be flying until 2040.^[40][41]

• 7 Squadron
• 18(B) Squadron
• 27 Squadron

Puma

A total of 24 Puma HC1's will be upgraded to HC2 standard to prolong their lives until 2025.^[8]

• 33 Squadron
• 230 Squadron

Training

The training provided to Royal Air Force aircrew is evolving, through a shift towards contractor-provided training, and increasing use of simulators to supplement flying time. The aircraft currently in use are approaching the end of their working lives. In order to fund new aircraft, the training system is being outsourced to the private sector, over a 25-year Private Finance Initiative valued at £6 billion. The consortium running the new UK Military Flying Training System is a partnership between Lockheed Martin and Babcock International, is known as Ascent Flight Training. The current generation training aircraft will be replaced over the next few years:

Training Phase	Current	Replacement	Base
Elementary Flying Training	Tutor T.1	Grob G 120TP	RAF Cranwell, RAF Wittering
Basic Fast Jet Training	Tucano T.1	Beechcraft T-6 Texan II	RAF Linton-on-Ouse
Advanced Fast Jet Training	Hawk T.1/T.2	Hawk T.2	RAF Valley
Multi-Engine Training	Beechcraft King Air	Embraer Phenom 100	RAF Cranwell

The current helicopter training system is set to be replaced in the same way, with the MOD selecting a bidder in 2016 to be operational by 2018.

Missiles

• The Royal Air Force has signed a contract to receive the Meteor BVRAAM missile for its Eurofighter Typhoons and future F-35 Lightning IIs. It is expected to replace the AMRAAMs currently in service.^[42][43]
• The 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review announced further investment into the Storm Shadow and Brimstone missiles.^[8]
• In March 2016, the Ministry of Defence extended the assessment phase contract for the SPEAR 3 missile program, which aims to deliver a "mini-cruise missile" capable of attacking stationary and moving targets.^[44]

Countermeasures

• In September 2016, an initial £2.5m batch order for the British-developed BriteCloud DRFM jammer was placed with Leonardo-Finmeccanica. If trials of the system prove successful, it could begin to be fitted to the Royal Air Force's fast-jet fleet by mid-2017.^[45]

See also

• Future of the British Army (Army 2020)
• Future of the Royal Navy
• List of active United Kingdom military aircraft

References