Friction of distance

The concept of friction of distance is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort (energy) and/or money to overcome. Because of this "friction", spatial interactions, especially transport and the particular case of human migration, will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; amount and intensity of interaction will decay with distance. Even though no physical friction is involved, price and effort are metaphorically assumed to correspond to forces counteracting transport movements.

Friction may be a continuous, smooth function of distance or may contain jumps; it may be constant, linear or nonlinear or even a combination of jumps and proportional behaviour as with Intermodal freight transport and Intermodal passenger transport.^[1]

References

↑ "Friction of Distance Functions". people.hofstra.edu.

Forms of economic integration

Trade bloc	Preferential trading area Free-trade area Economic partnership Passport free zone Single market

Economic union	Customs union Monetary union Customs and monetary union Economic and monetary union Complete economic integration

Shared policies	Fiscal union Social union Political union

Theory	Economic integration effects Friction of distance Harmonisation of law Theory of the second best

Regions	Europe Latin America Middle East

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