French submarine Saphir
 Saphir in port in Toulon | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 France | |
| Name: | Saphir |
| Namesake: | Sapphire |
| Builder: | Arsenal de Toulon |
| Laid down: | October 1903 |
| Launched: | 6 February 1908 |
| Completed: | 10 December 1910 |
| Identification: | Pennant number: Q44 |
| Fate: | Scuttled 15 January 1915 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Émeraude-class submarine |
| Displacement: |
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| Length: | 44.9 m (147 ft 4 in) (o/a) |
| Beam: | 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) |
| Draft: | 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in) |
| Installed power: | |
| Propulsion: |
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| Speed: |
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| Range: |
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| Test depth: | 40 m (130 ft) |
| Complement: | 2 officers and 23 crewmen |
| Armament: | 6 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes (4 × bow, 2 × stern) |
Saphir was one of six Émeraude-class submarines built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.
History
After her launch, Saphir was assigned to the Mediterranean. In 1913, she joined a squadron based in Bizerte, French Tunisia, to defend the region.[1] In late 1914, she moved to a base at Tenedos so as to be closer to the Dardanelles and to participate in monitoring and blockading of Turkish Straits.[2]
On 13 December 1914, a British submarine, HMS B11, entered the straits and sank the Ottoman Navy central battery ironclad Messudiyeh.[2] On 15 January 1915, to follow the example of B11 and without prior orders,[2] the commanding officer of Saphir, Lieutenant Henri Fournier, tried to force the entrance of the straits. As Saphir dived under a minefield off Çanakkale, she sprang a leak. The flooding forced Saphir to surface under fire from Ottoman guns, and Fournier gave the order to destroy Saphir′s code documents and scuttle the submarine 1,500 meters (1,640 yards) from the coast. The crew tried to gain ground by swimming. Thirteen of 27 enlisted men and the two officers did not survive the swim to shore, perishing from the cold; the 14 survivors were recovered by two Ottoman Army boats and transferred, after interrogation, to prisons, including the one in Afyonkarahisar. Some soon after were transferred to prisoner-of-war camps in Asia Minor, where they managed to escape.[3]
Citation
A French citation read:
The submarines Saphir and Curie, fallen gloriously in battle, are brought to the agenda of the Naval Army. In his affliction of having seen succumb such valiant servants of the country, the commander-in-chief reminds everyone how proud the army should be to have in its ranks officers and crews capable of heroic actions such as those that were accomplished by these valourous ships whose names will remain in maritime legends. Honour and glory to the officers and crews of the Saphir and Curie, they have truly earned it from the Fatherland.
Citations
- ↑ Garier 2002, p. 59
- 1 2 3 Garier 2002, p. 16
- ↑ Garier 2002, pp. 143–46
- ↑ Garier 2002, p. 146: "Les sous marins Saphir et Curie tombés glorieusement au champ d'honneur sont portés à l'ordre du jour de l'Armée Navale. Dans son affliction d'avoir vu succomber d'aussi vaillants serviteurs du pays, le commandant en chef rappelle à tous combien l'armée doit être fière d'avoir dans ses rangs des officiers et des équipages capables d'actions aussi héroïques que celles qui ont été accomplies par ces valeureux bâtiments dont les noms resteront dans les fastes maritimes. Honneur et gloire aux officiers et équipages du Saphir et du Curie, ils ont bien mérité de la Patrie."
Bibliography
- Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allen. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Garier, Gérard (2002). A l'épreuve de la Grande Guerre. L'odyssée technique et humaine du sous-marin en France (in French). 3–2. Bourg-en-Bresse, France: Marines édition. ISBN 2-909675-81-5.
- Garier, Gérard (1998). Des Émeraude (1905-1906) au Charles Brun (1908–1933). L'odyssée technique et humaine du sous-marin en France (in French). 2. Bourg-en-Bresse, France: Marines édition. ISBN 2-909675-34-3.
| Shipwrecks |
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| Other incidents |
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1914  1915  1916December 1914 February 1915 | |