Formosa Air Battle
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The Formosa Air Battle (Japanese: 台湾沖航空戦, Chinese: 臺灣空戰) took place between October 10 and 20, 1944, off the eastern coasts of the Ryukyu Islands, Formosa, and Luzon. It was fought by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and the approaching Task Force 38 of the United States Third Fleet and was one of a series of air raids on Japan during the Pacific War. The attacks served to prevent Japanese aircraft from participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf later that month.
The battle was a major victory for the US Navy, with its superior pilot training and aircraft proving decisive. Japanese air power in the region was exhausted after the engagement, giving the Americans air superiority and weakening Japan's ability to defend the Okinawa Islands in the upcoming Okinawa Campaign. However, in an effort to boost morale and to cover up the defeat, Japanese headquarters claimed to have sunk 45 Allied ships, including 11 aircraft carriers and four battleships
Background
The attacks on Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands were carried out to prevent Japanese aerial forces there from participating in the planned landings at Leyte. The Japanese had contingency plans prepared for a number of eventualities, including one in response to attacks on Formosa—Shō-Gō 2.
Battle
The U.S. Third Fleet started carrier-launched raids against Formosa on October 12, 1944. The Japanese response was to send waves of aircraft against the U.S. carriers. On October 13, the cruiser USS Canberra was seriously damaged by a torpedo bomber. For one of the first times in the war a kamikaze aircraft was used, which lightly damaged the carrier USS Franklin. By the following day the aerial forces based on the island were all but neutralized. In the fighting, the light cruiser USS Houston was damaged by an enemy torpedo, while the carrier USS Hancock, the light cruiser USS Reno and two destroyers all incurred some form of damage. Over three days the Japanese lost approximately 500 aircraft and many ships, almost their entire air strength in the area. American losses in aircraft amounted to 89.
Order of battle
- Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service: 1,251 fighters/bombers.
- 1st Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy): based in Manila, Philippines, 144 fighters/bombers.
- 2nd Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy): based in Takao, Taiwan, 358 fighters/bombers.
- 3rd Air Fleet(Imperial Japanese Navy): aircraft carriers based, 275 fighters/bombers.
- 3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy): based in Kisarazu, Chiba, 237 fighters/bombers.
- 12th Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy): : aircraft carriers based, 237 fighters/bombers.
- Third Fleet
- Task Force 38: 17 aircraft carriers, 6 battleships, 4 heavy cruisers, 10 light cruisers, 58 destroyers.
- First Aircraft Carrier Group: USS Cabot, USS Cowpens, USS Hornet, USS Monterey, USS Wasp.
- Second Aircraft Carrier Group: USS Bunker Hill, USS Hancock, USS Independence, USS Intrepid.
- Third Aircraft Carrier Group: USS Essex, USS Langley, USS Lexington, USS Princeton.
- Fourth Aircraft Carrier Group: USS Belleau Wood, USS Enterprise, USS Franklin, USS San Jacinto.
- Task Force 38: 17 aircraft carriers, 6 battleships, 4 heavy cruisers, 10 light cruisers, 58 destroyers.
See also
References
- Fuller, J.F.C. (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World – Volume III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. ISBN 1-135-31790-9.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (January 24, 2002) [1st. pub. Little, Brown:1958]. "Chapter VI: Formosa Air Battle, 10–20 October 1944". History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 12: Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945. Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.: University of Illinois Press; reprint edition. ISBN 0-252-07063-1.
- Fletcher, Gregory G. (2012). Intrepid Aviators: The True Story of U.S.S. Intrepid's Torpedo Squadron 18 and Its Epic Clash With the Superbattleship Musashi. New York: New American Library. ISBN 9780451236968.