Fad diet

A fad diet^[1][2][3] or diet cult^[4]:9–13 is a diet that makes promises of weight loss or other health advantages such as longer life without backing by solid science, and in many cases are characterized by highly restrictive or unusual food choices.^[5][6]:296 Celebrity endorsements are frequently associated with fad diets, and the individuals who develop and promote these programs often profit handsomely.

Definition

A competitive market for "healthy diets" arose in the nineteenth century developed world, as migration and industrialization and commodification of food supplies began eroding adherence to traditional ethnocultural diets, and the health consequences of pleasure-based diets were becoming apparent.^[4]:9 As Matt Fitzgerald describes it, "This modern cult of healthy eating is made up of innumerable sub-cults that are constantly vying for superiority. ...Like consumer products in commercial markets, each of these diets has a brand name and is advertised as being better than competing brands. The recruiting programs of the healthy-diet cults consist almost entirely of efforts to convince prospective followers that their diet is the One True Way to eat for maximum physical health."^[4]:9

These diets are generally restrictive, and are characterized by promises of fast weight loss^[1][2] or great physical health,^[4]:9 and which are not grounded in sound science.^[1][4]:12

These diets are often endorsed by celebrities or medical professionals who style themselves as "gurus" and profit from sales of branded products, books, and public speaking.^{[4]:11–12[7][8]}

These diets attract people who want to lose weight quickly and easily and keep that weight off^[9] or who want to be healthy and find that belonging to a group of people defined by a strict way of eating helps them to avoid the many bad food choices available in the developed world.^[4]:11

98% of people who diet using these diets in order to lose weight gain it back within 5 years; fad diets fail because many of them are not sustainable, and people revert to former eating habits when the diet fails.^[5]

Mainstream diet advice

Healthy eating is simple, according to Marion Nestle, who expresses the mainstream view of nutrition:^[4]:10

The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps: go easy on junk foods. Follow these precepts and you will go a long way toward preventing the major diseases of our overfed society—coronary heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, and a host of others.... These precepts constitute the bottom line of what seem to be the far more complicated dietary recommendations of many health organizations and national and international governments—the forty-one “key recommendations” of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines, for example. ... Although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food.^[6]:22

David L. Katz, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted:

The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches. Efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.^[10]

List of fad diets

• The 4-Hour Body^[11]
• 5:2 diet^[12]
• Alkaline diet^[13]
• Baby Food Diet^[14]
• Blood type diet^[7]
• Cabbage soup diet^[12][15]
• Detox diet^[16]
• Dukan Diet^[16]
• Fruitarianism^[17]
• Grapefruit diet^[15][18]
• Israeli Army diet^[19]
• KE diet
• Macrobiotics^[7]
• Master Cleanse^[20][21]
• Morning banana diet^[22]
• Paleolithic diet^[23][24]
• Scarsdale medical diet^{[8][25][26][27][28]}
• South Beach Diet^[18][29][30]
• Low-carbohydrate diet ^[15][31]
  • Atkins diet^{[7][18][32][33]}
  • Sugar Busters^[7][33]
  • Zone diet^[7][18]
• High carb/low fat diets
  • Dr. Dean Ornish: Eat More, Weigh Less^[7]
  • The Good Carbohydrate Revolution^[7]
  • The Pritikin Principle^[7][15]
• Food combining
  • Fit for Life^[7]
  • Suzanne Somers' Somersizing^[7]
• Liquid diets
  • Cambridge Diet^[7]
  • Slim-Fast^[7]
• Diet pills, supplements and herbal remedies
  • Dexatrim Natural^[7]
  • HCG diet^[16]
  • Hydroxycut^[7]
  • Metabolife 356^[7]

References