Drug barons of Colombia

Cali Cartel

Drug Barons of Colombia refer to some of the most notable drug lords which operate in illegal drug trafficking in Colombia. Several of them, notably Pablo Escobar, were long considered among the world's most dangerous and most wanted men by US intelligence. "Ruthless and immensely powerful", several political leaders, such as President Virgilio Barco Vargas, became convinced that the drug lords were becoming so powerful that they could oust the formal government and run the country.^[1]

History

The power of the Colombian drug barons took off in the 1970s and this resulted in a massive demand for cocaine in the United States and Europe.

In 1975, Pablo Escobar started developing his cocaine operation. He flew a plane himself several times, mainly between Colombia and Panama, in order to smuggle a load into the United States. When he later bought fifteen bigger airplanes (including a Learjet) and six helicopters, he decommissioned the original plane and hung it above the gate of his ranch at Hacienda Napoles. In May 1976, Escobar and several of his men were arrested and found in possession of 39 pounds (18 kg) of white paste after returning to Medellín with a heavy load from Ecuador. Initially Escobar tried to bribe the Medellín judges who were forming the case against him. After many months, the case was dropped. This was the beginning of his dealing with the authorities, using bribery or other means to achieve his goals.^[2]

Norman's Cay in 1981 at the height of the operations

Soon, the demand for cocaine was skyrocketing in the United States and Escobar organized more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California and other parts of the USA. The Medellín Cartel's massive wealth and power enabled them from the outset to bribe government and legal officials, and buy sophisticated weaponry for their protection.^[1] Escobar and Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new island trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, called Norman's Cay. Lehder and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land on the island which included a 3,300 feet (1,000 m) airstrip, a harbor, hotel, houses, boats, aircraft; he even built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. From 1978 until 1982, the Cay was the Caribbean's main drug smuggling hub for the Medellín Cartel, as well as a tropical hideaway and playground for Lehder and associates. They flew cocaine in from Colombia by jet and then reloaded it into small aircraft. They then distributed it to locations in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. Escobar was able to purchase the 7.7 square miles (20 km²) of land, which included Hacienda Napoles, for several million dollars. He created a zoo, a lake and other diversions for his family and organization.^[3] At one point, it was estimated that seventy to eighty tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the U.S. every month.

Cali Cartel leaders: Right:Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela. Left: José Santacruz Londoño.

Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, the president of Colombia, cited Escobar and the Medellín Cartel as "the worst of two evils", the other being rivals, the Cali Cartel. He began gearing up much of the government resources into cracking down on the Medellín Cartel.^[4] José Santacruz Londoño, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela were key figures in the Cali Cartel in the 1970s. They were primarily involved in marijuana trafficking, but in the 1980s they branched out into cocaine trafficking. For a time, the Cali Cartel eventually grew big enough to supply 70% of the United States cocaine demands through Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, who oversaw all major shipments entering the United States, and were able to meet 90% of the European cocaine market.^[5] The Cali Cartel was less violent than its rival, the Medellín Cartel, more inclined toward bribery rather than violence. While the Medellín Cartel were involved in a brutal campaign of violence against the Colombian government, the Cali Cartel grew in power, reaching their peak in the early to mid-1990s when they controlled some 80% of the world's cocaine supply and earned an estimated $8 billion a year. The Rodriguez-Orejuela family alone amassed a fortune of more than $250 billion in worldwide assets, according to the DEA.^[6]

Santacruz Londoño's cocaine distribution and money laundering operations were based in the New York metropolitan area, but he and the Cali cartel operated in most of the major cities of the United States including New York City, Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, Las Vegas, and Chicago.^[6] In 1992, the DEA seized two of Santacruz Londoño's cocaine conversion laboratories in Brooklyn.^[6] After the demise of the Medellín Cartel, the Colombian authorities turned their attention to the Cali Cartel. The campaign began in the summer of 1995, leading to the arrest of several Cali leaders; Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela was arrested on 9 June. Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela was arrested on 6 August. Santacruz Londoño was arrested on 4 July 1995. Londoño escaped La Picota Prison in Bogotá on 11 January 1996. The police tracked him down to Medellín on 5 March 1996. He was killed while attempting to flee.

In 1996, the Medellín and Cali cartels were estimated to control 75–80% of the Andean region's cocaine traffic, and a similar percentage of the US cocaine market, earning $6–8 billion a year.^[1][7] US law enforcement officials in the 1990s estimated that Colombian drug cartels spent more than $500 million on bribing officials every year.^[7] Several political leaders, such as President Virgilio Barco Vargas, became convinced that the ruthless drug lords were intent on becoming so powerful that they could oust the formal government and run the country.^[1] Hundreds of government officials, judges and policemen who failed to accept bribes were assassinated under the orders of the barons.^[8]

The DEA arrest of a Colombian drug lord in 2008

Illegal cocaine trafficking from Colombia is routed through Venezuela to northern part of Mexico and then further to the US. In 2012, serious action was initiated by the Venezuelan, Colombian, and US authorities working together to apprehend the drug lords in Venezuela. Six drug lords were handed into the custody of Colombia for further trial or deportation to the US for trial. Three notable Colombian drug lords who were captured are Diego Perez Henao in June, Javier Antonio Calle Serna, who surrendered in Aruba in May, and Daniel Barrera Barrera who was caught in September.^[9] Another was a Dominican and naturalized American citizen, a former U.S. marine who was accused by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez of being a U.S. mercenary.^[10][11][12]

Notable Drug Barons

Pablo Escobar

Pablo Escobar (1949– 1993) remains publicly the most powerful and wealthiest drug lord in history. Escobar was initially involved in many criminal activities in Puerto Vallarta with Oscar Bernal Aguirre—running petty street scams, selling contraband cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, and stealing cars. In the early 1970s, he was a thief and bodyguard, and he made a quick $100,000 on the side kidnapping and ransoming a Medellín executive before entering the drug trade.^[13] He then worked for multi-millionaire contraband smuggler Alvaro Prieto. Escobar's childhood ambition was to become a millionaire by the time he was 22. In 1989, Forbes magazine ranked Escobar as one of only 227 billionaires in the world, estimating his net worth at close to US$25 billion, the 7th wealthiest man in the world at the time. By the time of his death in 1993, estimates of his net worth were as high as $30 billion.^[14] He is believed to have killed or bribed anyone who stood against him.

Carlos Lehder

Carlos Lehder

Carlos Lehder (1949–) was one of Colombia's most dangerous drug barons in the early to mid-1980s. Lehder's net worth is estimated at $2.7 billion.^[14] Born in Armenia, Colombia, Lehder eventually ran a cocaine transport empire on Norman's Cay island, 210 miles (340 km) off the Florida coast in the central Bahamas.^[15] Some people have said that Lehder, with German ancestry, was allegedly also active in the small Quintín Lamé Movement, an indigenous guerrilla that was related to the FARC and the M-19, but these allegations haven't been proven. Lehder was one of the founding members of Muerte a Secuestradores, a paramilitary group whose focus was to retaliate against the kidnappings of cartel members and their families^[16] by the Gerrillas.^{[17][18][19][20]} His motivation to join the MAS was to retaliate against the M-19 guerrilla movement, which, on 19 November 1981, attempted to kidnap him in order to ask for a ransom, but he escaped from the kidnappers and they only managed to shoot him in the leg.^[21] Lehder's ultimate scheme was to revolutionize the cocaine trade by transporting the drug to the United States, using small aircraft from Norman's Cay. Lehder is estimated to have spent $4.5 million on the island in total.^[22] In 1987, he was extradited to the United States, where he was tried and sentenced to life without parole, plus an additional 135 years. In 1992, in exchange for Lehder's agreement to testify against Manuel Noriega, his sentence was reduced to a total of 55 years.^[23] He is considered to be one of the most important Colombian drug kingpins to be successfully prosecuted in the United States.

El Loco

Daniel Barrera Barrera, known as "El Loco" or "Mad Barrera", is a former drug lord suspected of being the boss of the illegal drug trade in Colombia's eastern plains. According to an article in Revista Semana, Barrera initiated his illegal drug activities in San Jose del Guaviare in the 1980s with the support of his brother, Omar Barrera. On 7 February 1990 Barrera was arrested on drug charges by Colombian authorities. After a few months, in October of that same year, Barrera escaped from prison. According to the Colombian National Police intelligence service DIJIN, Barrera bribed numerous Colombian policemen in order to maintain his drug emporium in Bogotá. US$7.7 million (including US$2.7 million by the Colombian government) was offered to anybody who could capture him in the United States. El Loco was finally arrested in San Cristobal, Venezuela on 18 September 2012 after trafficking drugs for more than 20 years.^[24] When he was captured, the Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos described him as "perhaps the most wanted kingpin in recent times".^[9] All his property in Columbia, at an estimated worth of US$28 million, was confiscated by the Colombian government.

Extradited in July 2013 from Colombia to the US, he faced trial on drug trafficking and money laundering charges. After pleading guilty to various drug charges and conspiracy to launder money, El Loco was sentenced to 35 years in a U.S. prison in July 2016 by U.S. District Judge Gregory Woods in Manhattan. Barrera was fined $10 million and ordered to forfeit the same amount. Judge Woods called the Colombian national a “smart, talented, maybe even gifted man.”

Woods, who also fined Barrera $10 million and ordered him to forfeit the same amount, called the Colombian national a “smart, talented, maybe even gifted man” who went from working as a farm hand to heading a violent drug trafficking organization.

José Santacruz-Londoño

José Santacruz Londoño (1943–1996) was a Colombian drug lord from Santiago de Cali. Along with Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela, Santacruz Londoño was a leader of the Cali Cartel. The trio was profiled in a TIME cover story in July 1991. The DEA cited him as "one of the premier drug traffickers in the world, who has been involved in large-scale cocaine trafficking since 1970". By the time of his arrest in 1995, he dominated much of the US market, operating large-scale cocaine operations in most of the major US cities. In addition to drug trafficking, Santacruz was blamed for the 1989 assassination of former Governor of Antioquia, Antonio Roldan Betancur, and was linked to the 1992 murder of journalist Manuel de Dios Unanue in New York.^[6] He was killed in 1996.

Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela

Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela (1939–) was formerly one of the leaders of the Cali Cartel, based in the city of Cali. Along with his brother Miguel he ran the Cali drug cartel in the mid-1990s.^[25] On 9 June 1995, he was arrested by the Colombian National Police (CNP) during a house raid in the city. Sentenced to fifteen years in prison, he was temporarily freed in early November 2002, due to a controversial judicial order issued by deputy judge Pedro José Suárez, who believed the reduction was applicable through habeas corpus.^[26] He was recaptured by Colombian authorities in Cali in March 2003.

Jorge Alberto Rodriguez

Jorge Alberto Rodriguez

Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, also known as Don Cholito born on 19 November 1971 or 19 April 1966 or 8 December 1962; Cedula No. 79290554 (Colombia); Passport 79290554 (Colombia) [SDNT] is a notorious Colombian/Puerto Rican drug lord from Bronx, NY who headed The 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel. Pulled into the drug trade at just 12 years old. He left home at age 14 to begin working for his father, Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela, who headed the infamous Cali Cartel. By the time he was 18 he had made hundreds of millions shipping drugs in from Colombia to nearly every State in the United States and was one of the most ruthless international drug lords unknown to law enforcement or governments. During that time the nation’s murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies doubled. He was arrested in 1990 in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to a 25-year prison terms for a number of federal violations. Following his conviction, Jorge continued to operate his illicit business from behind bars, importing as much as 12,500 kilograms into the U.S. every month, including ordering numerous murders of informants, witnesses and law enforcement officials in the U.S. and in Colombia. He reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high security isolation in 1994.^[27][28][29]

Griselda Blanco

Griselda Blanco, with the epithet "Godmother of Cocaine" due to her short stature and dumpy features, was instrumental in cocaine trafficking to the US. She operated between Miami and Colombia and was active in the 1970s and 1980s. She was chief of a drug cartel and at the peak of her operation smuggled nearly 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg) of cocaine into the US every month through a well established network in south Florida. Arrested in 1985 for drug-trafficking charges, she was subsequently convicted and spent almost 20 years in a US prison.^[30] She was killed by motorcycle hitmen in Colombia on 3 September 2012 as she was coming out of a butcher's shop.^[31]

Others

Colombian kingpin Jose Evaristo Linares-Castillo was arrested in 2013 and will be charged in New York and Miami. He is considered to be one of the most notable narcotics traffickers in the world. He is accused of producing cocaine in Colombia, storing it in Apure, and then transporting it to Central America and Mexico before smuggling it into the US.^[32] Henry de Jesus Lopez (nicknamed "Mi Sangre"; translation "My Blood"), reported at the time to be the country's most-wanted cocaine dealer, was arrested in 2012 in Argentina. He was the leader of the "Urabenos" gang which is situated the northern part of the country.^[33] Dairo Antonio Úsuga David, also known as "Mao", is a Colombian drug lord who is the co-leader of the violent organization Los Urabeños, also known as the Autodefensas Gaitanistas. $5 million is offered to anybody who can reveal him.^[34] As of late, Guillermo Alejandro of the Mesa Family has been pinpointed as one of the main suppliers of mainland Europe. His notoriety came to fruition after multiple reports of shipments transported in living animals, with the title 'El bestiality bandito' coined thereafter. Interpol, along with the WWF, have both offered substantial rewards for the whereabouts of Alexandro, and his seemingly infinite stockpile of exotic animals.

In popular culture

Some of the drug barons of Colombia have been portrayed by actors on the big screen. One such example is the romantic film Paradise Lost, which sees Benicio Del Toro playing the role of Pablo Escobar.^[35] Franz Sanchez played by Robert Davi in Licence to Kill is strongly implied to be Colombian; incidentally Benicio Del Toro also appears in that film as a drug trafficker.

See also

• Coca production in Colombia

References