The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture

The 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger has had a lasting influence^[1][2] as it remains both a bestseller^[3] and a frequently challenged book.^[3][4] Numerous works in popular culture have referenced the novel.^[5][6] Factors contributing to the novel's mystique and impact include its portrayal of protagonist Holden Caulfield;^[1] its tone of sincerity;^[1] its themes of familial neglect,^[7] tension between teens and society,^[3][7] and rebellion;^[7] its previous banned status;^[8] and Salinger's reclusiveness.^[1]

The Catcher in the Rye has inspired "rewrites" which have been said to form their own genre.^[9] On the other hand, there are examples of similarities between the novel and other works that were not intended by their authors,^[7][10][11] which suggests that the novel is "present, at least spiritually, in ... any story line that involves quirky young people struggling to find their places in a society prone to reward conformity and condemn individuality."^[3]

While the novel is linked to several murders and murder attempts, it has been claimed that the novel's overall effect on society is "far more positive than negative."^[3]

The novel also helped popularize the slang verb "screw up".^[12]

In recent years there has been a discussion of depression as exhibited in Holden Caulfield.^[13]

Shootings

The best-known event associated with The Catcher in the Rye is arguably Mark David Chapman's shooting of John Lennon.^[14] Chapman identified with the novel's narrator to the extent that he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield. On the night he shot Lennon, Chapman was found with a copy of the book in which he had written "This is my statement" and signed Holden's name.^[15] Later, he read a passage from the novel to address the court during his sentencing.^[16] Daniel Stashower speculated that Chapman had wanted Lennon's innocence to be preserved by death, inspired by Holden's wish to preserve children's innocence despite Holden's later realization that children should be left alone.^[16]

After John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan in 1981, police found The Catcher in the Rye among half a dozen other books in his hotel room.^[17]

Robert John Bardo, who murdered Rebecca Schaeffer, was carrying the book when he visited Schaeffer's apartment in Hollywood on July 18, 1989 and murdered her.^[18]

Peter Falconio was reported to be reading the novel prior to his disappearance from the Barrow Creek area.^[19]

Films

Although Salinger had refused a film adaptation, many Hollywood films have based characters on Holden Caulfield.^[7][20] Holden has been identified as "one of the most reproduced characters on film." Furthermore, many such films reference each other.^[21]

Anthony Caputi, a specialist in dramatic literature at Cornell University, claims that the novel inspires both "variations" and "imitations", comparing it with several coming-of-age films.^[7]

• In The Collector (1965), which is based on the John Fowles novel, Clegg cannot understand why Miranda likes The Catcher in the Rye.^[22]
• In the 1990 play and 1993 film Six Degrees of Separation, the impostor Paul gives an analysis on the novel in a monologue.^[23][24][25] According to him, the novel, a "manifesto of hate" against phonies, would have been the excuse^[26] or defense^[27] for Chapman and Hinckley's shootings.
• In Conspiracy Theory (1997), Mel Gibson's character is programmed to buy the novel whenever he sees it, though he never actually reads it.^[15]
• Chasing Holden (2001) is named after Holden Caulfield.^[28] The protagonist Neil relates his life to Holden's, skips class to go to New York City, goes on a road trip to New Hampshire to find Salinger, and contemplates killing Salinger.^[29]
• Screenwriter Mike White regards the novel as "part of a literary trend that goes back to Goethe's The Sorrows of Werther (1774) ... I don't think Salinger discovered it. He just did the quintessential American version."^[7] He thought the influence of the novel may rise in Hollywood,^[7] and two of his 2002 films reflect this. In Orange County, protagonist Shaun searches for the professor who wrote the book that changed his life.^[7]
• In The Good Girl, protagonist Thomas Worther calls himself Holden and is seen reading the novel.^[7][20]
• Igby Goes Down (2002), originally intended to be a novel, has been interpreted as being inspired by The Catcher in the Rye,^{[20][21][30][31]} but director and screenwriter Burr Steers said it is not a direct influence and the story is more of an autobiography.^[7] On the influence of the book, Steers "liken[s] it to being a musician and being influenced by the music ingrained in you, like the Beatles."^[7]

Television

• The main plot for the Japanese anime television series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002) hinges on elements from The Catcher in the Rye from which a character uses a digital logo representing Holden Caulfield, and the quote "I thought what I'd do was, I'd pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes."^[32] These themes and some additional quotes are also expressed in Stand Alone Complex 2nd GIG (2004), although the characters and plot have changed.
• South Park episode "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs" (2010) makes particular reference to The Catcher in the Rye and shows that its once-controversial use of vocabulary has no impact among young readers nowadays. It also references its connection towards the series of high-profile assassination attempts in the 1980s, with character Butters Stotch expressing a desire to kill John Lennon after reading the book until his father assures him that Lennon was already killed.^[33]
• Peter Petrelli, a character of the British science fiction drama series Heroes, is sometimes seen as having the same trait as Holden. He is also created by strong and massive influences from Holden, along with Fight Club's the Narrator^{[34][35][36][37]}

Video games

• In the action-adventure game Bully (2006), the main protagonist, Jimmy Hopkins, shares a lot of traits with Holden Caulfield.^[38]

Books

• John Fowles's 1963 novel The Collector uses The Catcher in the Rye as "one of the most brilliant examples of adolescence" in popular culture, possibly under a moral light.^[39] In it, Miranda encourages her kidnapper Clegg to read Catcher, thinking he might relate to Holden's alienation.^[15] However, Clegg finds Holden's actions unrealistic given Holden's wealth and status, and "[doesn't] see much point in it." In the film adaptation of The Collector, this conversation and Clegg's attitude toward the novel and popular culture is subdued.^[40] The novel has itself been linked to several serial killers.^[15]
• Lawrence Block wrote a novel called Burglar in the Rye (1999) in his series on burglar Bernie Rhodenbarr. The plot focuses on an auction of a reclusive writer's letters,^[41] and Bernie works to track down the character based on J. D. Salinger.
• In Galt Niederhoffer's novel A Taxonomy of Barnacles (2005), Bridget and Billy think about Holden's question as to the whereabouts of ducks during winter.^[42]
• John David California wrote 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye (2009), an unauthorized sequel in which seventy-six-year-old Holden escapes a retirement home for a journey in New York.^[43]

Comic strips

• The Frazz character Caulfield is named after Holden.^[44]

Music

• The Ataris' song "If You Really Want to Hear About It" from their album End is Forever takes its title from the novel's opening sentence. The final lines paraphrase those of the book with "Don't ever tell anyone anything or else you'll wind up missing everybody." Several other specific references are made within the lyrics.^[45]
• Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire" mentions the novel as a historic item of note during his lifetime.^[46]

References

Bibliography