Clinton Rossiter

Clinton Lawrence Rossiter III (1917–1970) was an American historian and political scientist who taught at Cornell University from 1947 to 1970. He wrote The American Presidency, along with 20 other books on American institutions, the United States Constitution, and history. He won the Bancroft Prize and the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award for his book Seedtime of the Republic.

Early life

He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1917. He was the son of Winton Goodrich Rossiter, a stockbroker, and Dorothy Shaw. His father died on February 14, 1954 at 64.^[1]

Clinton grew up in Bronxville, New York, as the third of four siblings: Dorothy Ann Rossiter, William Winton Goodrich Rossiter (William also attended Westminster and Cornell University), Clinton, and Joan Rossiter. He was raised to give priority to family and social expectations. He attended Westminster preparatory school in Simsbury, Connecticut and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Cornell University in 1939, where he was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society. In 1942, Princeton University awarded him a doctorate for his thesis Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies.

Military service

Immediately after American entry into World War II, Rossiter joined the United States Naval Reserves and served for three years as a gunnery officer, mostly on the USS Alabama in the Pacific Theater, reaching the rank of lieutenant.^[2][3]

Marriage

He married Mary Ellen Crane in September 1947. They had three sons (all Cornell graduates): David Goodrich Rossiter (1949), Caleb Stewart Rossiter (1951) (Caleb also attended Westminster), and Winton Goodrich Rossiter (1954).^[4]

University career

Rossiter taught briefly at the University of Michigan in 1946, moving to Cornell University in 1947, where he rose from instructor to full professor in eight years. He served as the chair of the Government Department from 1956 to 1959, when he was named John L. Senior Professor of American Institutions. He spent the 1960-1961 academic year as Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University, England.^[3]

Death

Rossiter died in his Ithaca home on July 11, 1970 at age 52. The New York Times reported that his son Caleb Rossiter discovered his father's body in the basement of their home. The cause of death was ruled a suicide by the Tompkins County medical examiner and widely reported.^[3]

Years later, his son would state that his father suffered a lifetime of debilitating clinical depression. He could no longer extract himself from it and overdosed on sleeping pills.^[5]

External events had much to do with the last stages of this depression. His beloved Cornell was convulsed with racial conflict, including the infamous armed seizure of the student union building in April 1969. Rossiter became prominent as a moderate voice among the faculty, urging some understanding of the African-American students' frustrations but was branded a traitor by others on the faculty, some of whom (such as Allan Bloom) refused to speak to him again.^[6]

Legacy

For two decades after Rossiter's death, the academic mainstream in political science moved away from Rossiter's documentary, interpretative style, towards a quantitative, data-driven approach.^[7] However, in the 1990s and the early 21st century, political scientists have rediscovered the substantive and methodological concerns that Rossiter brought to his work and have found a renewed appreciation for his scholarly works.^[8]

In particular, following the events of 9/11, Rossiter's first book, the 1948 Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies (reissued in 1963 with a new preface), was reprinted for the first time in nearly forty years. In that germinal study, Rossiter argued that constitutional democracies had to learn the lesson of the Roman Republic to adopt and use emergency procedures that would empower governments to deal with crises beyond the ordinary capacities of democratic constitutional governance but to ensure that such crisis procedures were themselves subject to constitutional controls and codified temporal limits.

His 1787: The Grand Convention is still hailed as among the very best accounts of the Federal Convention and the making of the Constitution.^[9]

Although much has changed in American politics since 1970, especially the meanings of important (but constantly changing) terms like "conservative" and "liberal", his book on that ideologically-charged subject remains a classic articulation (along with Louis Hartz's "The Liberal Tradition in America") of the integrity that words like liberalism and conservatism still have.^[10]

His edition of The Federalist Papers, continues to be used as a standard text in high schools and colleges, but in the late 1990s, the publisher of that edition replaced Rossiter's introduction and analytic table of contents with a new introduction by Charles R. Kesler and a table of contents derived from Henry Cabot Lodge's 1898 edition. Rossiter's article, "A Revolution to Conserve," has been used to introduce generations of high school students to the origins of the American Revolution.

His 1964 monograph, Alexander Hamilton and the Constitution, studies the evolution and current relevance of Hamilton's political and constitutional thought, and his 1953 Bancroft Prize-winning Seedtime of the Republic investigates the roots of American thinking about politics and government in the years leading up to the American Revolution.^[11]

Major publications

Books

• Rossiter, Clinton; Constitutional dictatorship : crisis government in the modern democracies; Princeton : Princeton University Press; (1948); Republished New York, Harcourt, Brace & World (1963) ; Republished Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press; (1979); Republished New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers; (2002)
  • Review: Hans J. Morgenthau, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 54, no. 6 (May, 1949), pp. 566–567^[12]
• Rossiter, Clinton; Documents in American Government; New York, W. Sloane Associates; (1949)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The Supreme Court and the commander in Chief; Ithaca, Cornell University Press; (1951); Republished New York, Da Capo Press; (1970); Republished Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press; (1976)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty; New York : Harcourt, Brace; (1953)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Conservatism in America; New York : Knopf; (1955) Republished Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press; (1982)
  • second revised edition published as Conservatism in America; the thankless persuasion; New York, Knopf and New York, Vintage Books (1962); Republished Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press; (1981)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The American Presidency; New York : Harcourt, Brace; (1956)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Marxism: the view from America; New York, Harcourt, Brace; (1960)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Parties and politics in America; Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press; (1960)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The American Presidency; New York, Harcourt, Brace; (1956); Republished New York, Harcourt, Brace; (1960); Republished New York: Time Inc. (1963); Republished Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; (1987)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The Federalist papers; Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay; New York New American Library (1961); Republished New York, N.Y.: Mentor;(1999)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The three pillars of United States Government: the Presidency, the Congress, the Supreme Court; Washington, Distributed by U.S. Information Service; (1962)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The political thought of the American Revolution; New York, Harcourt, Brace & World; (1963)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Six characters in search of a Republic: studies in the political thought of the American colonies; New York, Harcourt, Brace & World (1964)
• Rossiter, Clinton; Alexander Hamilton and the Constitution; New York, Harcourt, Brace & World; (1964)
• Rossiter, Clinton; 1787: the grand Convention; New York, Macmillan; (1966); Republished New York : W.W. Norton, (1987)
• Rossiter, Clinton; The American quest, 1790-1860: an emerging nation in search of identity, unity, and modernity; New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1971)

Articles

• Rossiter, Clinton (1949). The President and Labor Disputes. The Journal of Politics Vol. 11, No. 1; Feb 1949, 93-120.
• Rossiter, Clinton; Instruction and Research: Political Science 1 and Indoctrination; The American Political Science Review; Vol. 42, No. 3; Jun 1948, pgs. 542-549
• Rossiter, Clinton; The Reform of the Vice-Presidency; Political Science Quarterly; Vol. 63, No. 3; Sep 1948, pgs. 383-403
• Rossiter, Clinton; A Political Philosophy of F.D. Roosevelt: A Challenge to Scholarship; The Review of Politics; Vol. 11, No. 1; Jan 1949, pgs. 87-95
• Rossiter, Clinton; John Wise: Colonial Democrat; The New England Quarterly; Vol. 22, No. 1; Mar 1949, pgs. 3-32
• Rossiter, Clinton; Constitutional Dictatorship in the Atomic Age; The Review of Politics, Vol. 11, No. 4; Oct 1949, pgs. 395-418
• Rossiter, Clinton; What of Congress in Atomic War; The Western Political Quarterly; Vol. 3, No. 4; Dec 1950, pgs. 602-606
• Rossiter, Clinton; The Political Theory of the American Revolution; The Review of Politics; Vol. 15, No. 1; Jan 1953, pgs. 97-108
• Rossiter, Clinton; Impact of Mobilization on the Constitutional System; Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 30, No. 3; May 1971, pgs. 60-67

References