Catalan verbs

This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of Catalan, including Old Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. Widely used dialectal forms are included, even if they are not considered standard in either of the written norms: those of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (based on central Catalan) and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (based on common Valencian). Other dialectal forms exist, including those characteristic of minor dialects such as Ribagorçan and Algherese and transitional forms of major dialects (such as those spoken in the lower Ebro basin area around Tortosa and in the Empordà).

Verb system in context

The Catalan verb system has grammatical categories similar to those of neighbouring Romance languages such as Spanish, Occitan, French, and Italian. The formal similarities with Occitan are most noticeable. There is a visible divergence between Catalan and Occitan in Catalan second-person plural endings: -au, -eu, -iu, instead of the Occitan -atz, -etz, -itz.

One feature of Catalan is the periphrastic preterite tense for referring to the remote past, which is constructed with characteristic present-tense forms of the verb anar (to go) and the infinitive of a verb (vaig parlar, vas/vares parlar, va parlar, vam/vàrem parlar, vau/vàreu parlar, van/varen parlar). This tense, rare in Romance languages and shared only with some Gascon and Aragonese (Benasque, Gistaín) dialects, seems to have existed in Catalan since at least the 13th century.

The simple preterite indicative, descending from the Latin perfect indicative, is primarily used in contemporary written Catalan. Although it has been largely replaced by the periphrastic preterite in the spoken language, the simple preterite indicative is still used in dialects such as central Valencian and the Catalan spoken on Ibiza.

Another difference between contemporary and Old Catalan is the shift in simple preterite indicative endings from an etymological to an analogous pattern in third-person plural: from the Old Catalan -é, -ast, -à, -am, -às, and -aren to the contemporary -í, -ares, -à, -àrem, -àreu, and -aren. This change occurred between the 13th and 15th centuries.

Forms

Finite

The table below summarises the inflected forms.

2nd person singular informal forms of cantar ("to sing")
Mood Tense Simple Composite
Indicative Present cantes has cantat
Past Imperfect cantaves havies cantat
Perfect cantares hagueres cantat
Periphrastic perfect vas cantar
vares cantar 		vas haver cantat
vares haver cantat
Future cantaràs hauràs cantat
Conditional cantaries hauries cantat
Subjunctive Present cantis hagis cantat
Past cantéssis haguéssis cantat
Imperative canta —

Finite Catalan verbs have an imperfective or perfective aspect.

Regular Catalan verbs have the following imperfective tenses:

Tenses in the subjunctive mood usually imply dependence on a subordinate clause and might express uncertainty or supposition.

Regular Catalan verbs have the following perfective tenses (formed with the auxiliary verb haver and the past participle of the conjugated verb), which correspond with those above:

The perfective tense in the indicative mood has two remote-past forms, analogous to the English simple past. The most common is the periphrastic preterite (pretèrit perfet perifràstic), a compound tense formed with conjugations of a special present indicative of anar ("go", used exclusively in the formation of this tense) followed by the infinitive of the conjugated verb (vaig parlar, "I spoke"; vas parlar or vares parlar, "you [singular informal] spoke"). This special form of anar always uses the stem va- and can also use the affix -re- when the regular preterite suffix corresponding to the desired person has it. As a consequence of always using va-, vau/vàreu and vam/vàrem are used to form the periphrastic past, instead of aneu and anem. The periphrastic preterite may also be used in the subjunctive mood, but this only occurs as a literary tense and sporadically in any case; instead, the simple past subjunctive is normally used. The normative Central Catalan and Valencian forms of anar used to form this tense are outlined in the table below.

Forms of anar used to form the passat perifràstic
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Indicative pure vaig vas va vam vau van
reinforced — vares — vàrem vàreu varen
Subjunctive vagi, vaja vagis, vages vagi, vaja vàgim, vàgem vàgiu, vàgeu vagin, vagen

The other tense expressing the remote past is the simple preterite (pretèrit perfet simple), now used almost exclusively in writing: parlí ("I spoke"), parlares ("you (singular informal) spoke").

The imperative present (present d'imperatiu), with two forms, exists outside the imperfective–perfective contrast: one for second-person singular and the other for second-person plural (parla!, "you [singular] speak!"; parleu!, "you [plural] speak!"). For other persons, the subjunctive present is used: parli! ("let him/her speak!"), parlem! ("let us speak!"), parlin! ("let them speak!"). The imperative is used for positive commands; negative commands use the present subjunctive preceded by no: no parlis! ("don't (you) (singular informal) speak!"), no parlem! ("let us not speak!"), no parleu! ("don't (you) (plural) speak!").

The differences in meaning and usage distribution of the Catalan recent past (indefinite preterite or present perfect) and remote past (periphrastic past and synthetic preterite) are similar to those of the British English present perfect and simple past. Using the recent past implies that the action was performed sometime in the past, completed during the period of speech and its effects are still present; the remote past implies that action was performed in the past and its effects are no longer present.

In conditional clauses, verb tenses are used in these pairs:

Other tense combinations are also possible: si heu vist el que ha passat, ens ho heu d'explicar ("if you have seen what has happened, you must tell us"). Temporary and relative subordinate clauses are formed in the future tense: quan vindràs, en parlarem ("when you will come, we will speak about it"), els qui vindran d'hora podran seure ("those arriving early will be able to sit"); though, in the contemporary language, the present subjunctive is used as well, quan vinguis ... ("when you come ..."), els qui vinguin ... ("those who come ...").

Non-finite

Catalan verbs have three non-finite forms: an infinitive, a gerund, and a past participle.

Non-finite forms of cantar ("to sing")
Simple Composite
Infinitive cantar haver cantat
Gerund cantant havent cantat
Participle cantat —

The infinitive is used with present-indicative forms of anar (to go) to form the periphrastic preterite: vaig parlar ("I spoke"). A gerund, which is unvarying, functions as an adverb; it is used to form non-finite adjunct adverbial clauses of time or manner, roughly corresponding to the present participle in English.

The past participle, a verbal adjective, may inflect for gender and number in certain constructions. It is used with the auxiliary haver ("to have") to form the perfect of the simple tenses: simple present parlo ("I speak, I'm speaking") and present perfect he parlat ("I've spoken"). In the compound perfect tenses of transitive verbs (those with a direct object), a past participle may inflect to match gender and number of the object.

In Old Catalan and some modern varieties the compound perfect tenses of intransitive verbs (those without a direct object) can also be formed with the auxiliary ser ("to be") and the past participle, inflected for gender and number of the subject: som arribats ("we have arrived", switching to masculine plural); the typical contemporary construction is hem arribat, with an invariable participle. This construction remains in only a few vestigial forms: és mort/és morta ("he's dead/she's dead").

Periphrastic finite

Infinitives can be used to make the periphrastic near future with the present of anar (to go) plus the preposition a (to): vaig a parlar ("I am going to speak"). This near future is used less often than it is in Spanish or French, because it may be confused with the Catalan periphrastic past. Infinitives can also be used to make periphrastic forms with a range of modal verbs: puc parlar ("I can speak"), he/haig de parlar ("I must/have to speak"), necessito parlar ("I need to speak"), vull parlar ("I want to speak"), solia parlar ("I used to speak"). Gerunds can be used to make periphrastic forms analogous to continuous tenses in English: estic parlant ("I'm speaking"), estava parlant ("I was speaking"), estaré parlant ("I will be speaking"). Past participles are also used with the auxiliary ser ("to be") to form the passive forms for all active tenses of transitive verbs: active present veig ("I see, I'm seeing") in relation to passive present sóc vist ("I'm seen, I'm being seen"), recent past he vist ("I've seen") in relation to passive recent past he estat vist ("I've been seen").

Catalan uses the passive voice less often than English does because it has syntactic alternatives; instead of la vaca ha estat vista ("the cow has been seen"), other constructions could be used such as changing word order and using a redundant weak pronoun to mark object case: la vaca, l'han vista ("the cow, [they] have seen it"); using the third-person reflexive weak pronoun es (s'ha vist la vaca, literally "the cow has seen itself"); using the pronoun hom, one or someone (hom ha vist la vaca, "one has seen the cow"), or using an elliptic plural subject (han vist la vaca, "they have seen the cow").

First-conjugation (-ar) verbs

Bout 86 percent of Catalan verbs belong to this group. Examples include estimar ("to love"), esperar ("to wait" and "to hope"), menjar ("to eat") and pensar ("to think"). This is the only open verb class; new verbs incorporated into the language are likely to follow this conjugation model. The only irregular verbs in this class are the idiosyncratic anar ("to go") and estar ("to be, to stay"), which often act as auxiliary verbs.

parlar ("to speak")

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
parlar [pəɾˈɫə]parlar [pəɾˈɫə]parlar [pəɾˈɫa]parlar [paɾˈɫa]parlar [paɾˈlar]parlar [paɾˈɫar]
Past participle
parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		parlat [pəɾˈɫat]
parlada [pəɾˈɫaðə]		parlat [paɾˈɫat]
parlada [paɾˈɫaðɛ][note 1]		 parlat [paɾˈlat]
parlada [paɾˈlaɛ][note 1][note 2]		 parlat [paɾˈɫat]
parlada [paɾˈɫaða]
Gerund
parlant [pəɾˈɫan]parlant [pəɾˈɫant]parlant [pəɾˈɫan]parlant [paɾˈɫan]parlant [paɾˈlant]parlant [paɾˈɫant]
Imperative
tu[note 3]
nosaltres
vosaltres		parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫəm]
parlau! [pəɾˈɫaw]<ref group=note name="[note 4]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem! [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [pəɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm]
parleu! [paɾˈɫɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾla]
parlem! [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu! [paɾˈlɛw]		 parla! [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlem! [paɾˈɫɛm]
parlau! [paɾˈɫaw]<ref group=note name="[note 4]
Present indicative
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][note 5]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parl [ˈpaɾɫ][note 6]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlam [pəɾˈɫam][note 4]
parlau [pəɾˈɫaw][note 4]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫu]
parles [ˈpaɾɫəs]
parla [ˈpaɾɫə]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫən]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫo]
parles [ˈpaɾɫes]
parla [ˈpaɾɫɛ][note 7]
parlem [paɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [paɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][note 8]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parla [ˈpaɾla]
parlem [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu [paɾˈlɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]		 parl [ˈpaɾɫ] / parle [ˈpaɾɫe][note 6]
parles [ˈpaɾɫes]
parla [ˈpaɾɫa]
parlam [paɾˈɫam][note 4]
parlau [paɾˈɫaw][note 4]
parlen [ˈpaɾɫen]
Imperfect indicative
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parlavi [pəɾˈɫaβi][note 5]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]		 parlava [pəɾˈɫavə]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫavəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫavə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫavəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫavəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫavən]		 parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlaves [pəɾˈɫaβəs]
parlava [pəɾˈɫaβə]
parlàvem [pəɾˈɫaβəm]
parlàveu [pəɾˈɫaβəw]
parlaven [pəɾˈɫaβən]		 parlava [paɾˈɫaβa]
parlaves [paɾˈɫaβes]
parlava [paɾˈɫaβɛ][note 7]
parlàvem [paɾˈɫaβem]
parlàveu [paɾˈɫaβew]
parlaven [paɾˈɫaβen]		 parlava [paɾˈlava]
parlaves [paɾˈlaves]
parlava [paɾˈlava]
parlàvem [paɾˈlavem]
parlàveu [paɾˈlavew]
parlaven [paɾˈlaven]		 parlava [paɾˈɫava]
parlaves [paɾˈɫaves]
parlava [paɾˈɫava]
parlàvem [paɾˈɫavɛm]
parlàveu [paɾˈɫavɛw]
parlaven [paɾˈɫaven]
Preterite indicative[note 9]
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 vai parlar [ˌbaj pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa]
vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]
veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌvas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌva pəɾˈɫa]
vam parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa]
vau parlar [ˌvaw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌvam pəɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌbatʃ pəɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas pəɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba pəɾˈɫa]
vem parlar [ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]
veu parlar [ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam pəɾˈɫa]		 vai parlar [ˌbaj paɾˈɫa]
vas parlar [ˌbas paɾˈɫa]
va parlar [ˌba paɾˈɫa]
vam parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa]
vau parlar [ˌbaw paɾˈɫa]
van parlar [ˌbam paɾˈɫa]		 vaig parlar [ˌvatʃ paɾˈla] / parlí [paɾˈli]
vas parlar [ˌvas paɾˈla] / parlares [paɾˈlaɾes]
va parlar [ˌva paɾˈla] / parlà [paɾˈla]
vam parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem]
vau parlar [ˌvaw paɾˈla] / parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew]
van parlar [ˌvam paɾˈla] / parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]		 parlé [paɾˈɫe] / parlai [paɾˈɫaj]
parlast [paɾˈɫast]
parlà [paɾˈɫə]
parlam [paɾˈɫam]
parlàs [paɾˈɫas]
parlaren [paɾˈɫaɾen]
Future indicative
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾəm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾəw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [pəɾɫəˈɾe]
parlaràs [pəɾɫəˈɾas]
parlarà [pəɾɫəˈɾa]
parlarem [pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]
parlareu [pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]
parlaran [pəɾɫəˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾlaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾlaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾlaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾlaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾlaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾlaˈɾan]
 parlaré [paɾɫaˈɾe]
parlaràs [paɾɫaˈɾas]
parlarà [paɾɫaˈɾa]
parlarem [paɾɫaˈɾɛm]
parlareu [paɾɫaˈɾɛw]
parlaran [paɾɫaˈɾan]
Conditional
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parlariï [pəɾɫəˈɾii][note 5]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaries [pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]
parlaria [pəɾɫəˈɾiə]
parlaríem [pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]
parlaríeu [pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]
parlarien [pəɾɫəˈɾiən]
 parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾiɛ][note 7]
parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiem]
parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiew]
parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]
 parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾlaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾlaˈɾia]
parlaríem [paɾlaˈɾiem]
parlaríeu [paɾlaˈɾiew]
parlarien [paɾlaˈɾien]
 parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaries [paɾɫaˈɾies]
parlaria [paɾɫaˈɾia]
parlaríem [paɾɫaˈɾiɛm]
parlaríeu [paɾɫaˈɾiɛw]
parlarien [paɾɫaˈɾien]
Present subjunctive
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][note 10]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][note 10]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫəm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫəw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parli [ˈpaɾɫi][note 10]
parlis [ˈpaɾɫis]
parli [ˈpaɾɫi]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlin [ˈpaɾɫin]		 parlo [ˈpaɾɫo][note 11]
parlos [ˈpaɾɫos]
parlo [ˈpaɾɫo]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlon [ˈpaɾɫon]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][note 12]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parle [ˈpaɾle]
parlem [pəɾˈɫɛm]
parleu [pəɾˈɫɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]		 parle [ˈpaɾle][note 12]
parles [ˈpaɾles]
parle [ˈpaɾle]
parlem [paɾˈlɛm]
parleu [paɾˈlɛw]
parlen [ˈpaɾlen]
Past subjunctive
jo[note 3]
tu
ell/ella
nosaltres
vosaltres
ells/elles		 parlessi [pəɾˈɫesi][note 5]
parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis]
parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim]
parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw]
parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]		 parlàs [pəɾˈɫas][note 4]
parlassis [pəɾˈɫasis]
parlàs [pəɾˈɫas]
parlàssim [pəɾˈɫasim]
parlàssiu [pəɾˈɫasiw]
parlassin [pəɾˈɫasin]		 parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parlessis [pəɾˈɫesis]
parlés [pəɾˈɫes]
parléssim [pəɾˈɫesim]
parléssiu [pəɾˈɫesiw]
parlessin [pəɾˈɫesin]		 parlessa [paɾˈɫesa]
parlesses [paɾˈɫeses]
parlés [paɾˈɫes]
parléssom [paɾˈɫesom]
parléssou [paɾˈɫesow]
parlessen [paɾˈɫesen]		 parlara [paɾˈlaɾa] [note 13]
parlares [paɾˈlaɾes]
parlara [paɾˈlaɾa]
parlàrem [paɾˈlaɾem]
parlàreu [paɾˈlaɾew]
parlaren [paɾˈlaɾen]		 parlàs [paɾˈɫas][note 4]
parlasses [paɾˈɫases]
parlàs [paɾˈɫas]
parlàssem [paɾˈɫasɛw]
parlàsseu [paɾˈɫasɛm]
parlassen [paɾˈɫasen]

Second-conjugation (-re, -er) verbs

This is the third-largest group of verbs in Catalan, encompassing about four percent of the verbs in the dictionary. It includes most of the irregular verbs, the most-frequently-used: ser ("to be"), haver ("to have"), fer ("to do"), veure ("to see"), poder ("can"), voler ("to want"), caldre ("must"), dir ("to say") and dur ("to take/get").

In verbs whose infinitive ends in -re, the letter preceding -re is always a consonant (b, d, p, t) or a consonantal u. Examples include beure ("to drink"), caure ("to fall"), coure ("to cook"),deure ("to owe", also modal "might"), fotre ("fuck"), jeure ("to lay down"), perdre ("to lose"), rebre ("to receive"), rompre ("break"), valdre ("to be worth"), vendre ("to sell"), and viure ("to live").

The final consonantal u in infinitive roots of this verb class is a characteristic Catalan evolution of several consonantal clusters from Vulgar Latin: CÁDERE > *cad're > caure, DÉBERE > *dev're > deure, VÍVERE > *viv're > viure, CÓQUERE > *cog're > coure. The clusters -ldr-, -ndr- in infinitive roots of this verb class have an epenthetic d as the result of the evolution of consonantal clusters from Vulgar Latin: VÁLERE > val're > valdre, VÉNDERE > *ven're > vendre. If the root consonant in the infinitive is b, the third-person singular indicative present will be spelt with a p; rebre becomes rep.

Some verbs in this group have a suppletive root with a velar augment (adding -g- [ɣ] or -c [k] to the basic root) in some forms, most frequently past participle, first person of indicative present, and all forms of indicative preterite, subjunctive present and subjunctive preterite: valdre gives valgut, valc, valguí, valgui, valgués; voler gives volgut, vull or vullc, volguí, vulgui, volgués.

batre ("to beat", "to shake")

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾə] batre [ˈbatɾe] batre [ˈbatɾe] batre [ˈbatɾe]
Past Participle
batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [bəˈtut]
batuda [bəˈtuðə]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuðɛ][note 1]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuɛ][note 1][note 2]		 batut [baˈtut]
batuda [baˈtuða]
Gerund
batent [bəˈten] batent [bəˈtent] batent [bəˈten] batent [baˈten] batent [baˈtent] batent [baˈtent]
Imperative
bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtɛm]
bateu! [bəˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtəm]
bateu! [bəˈtəw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [bəˈtɛm]
bateu! [bəˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]		 bat! [ˈbat]
batem! [baˈtɛm]
bateu! [baˈtɛw]
Present indicative
bati[note 5]
bates
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[note 6]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bato
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bato
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[note 6]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten		 bat[note 6]
bats
bat
batem
bateu
baten
Imperfect indicative
batiï [bəˈtii][note 5]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [bəˈtiə]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [bəˈtiə]
baties [bəˈtiəs]
batia [bəˈtiə]
batíem [bəˈtiəm]
batíeu [bəˈtiəw]
batien [bəˈtiən]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [baˈtiɛ][note 7]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [ba'tia]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]		 batia [ba'tia]
baties [ba'ties]
batia [ba'tia]
batíem [ba'tiem]
batíeu [ba'tiew]
batien [ba'tien]
Preterite indicative[note 9]
batí
bateres
baté
batérem
batéreu
bateren		 baté
batest
baté
batem
batés
bateren
Future indicative
batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran		 batiré
batiràs
batirà
batirem
batireu
batiran
Conditional
batiriï[note 5]
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria[note 7]
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien		 batiria
batiries
batiria
batiríem
batiríeu
batirien
Present subjunctive
bati[note 10]
batis
bati
batem
bateu
batin		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten		 bati[note 10]
batis
bati
batem
bateu
batin		 bato[note 11]
batos
bato
batem
bateu
baton		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten		 bata
bates
bata
batem
bateu
baten
Past subjunctive
batessi[note 5]
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batessis
batés
batéssim
batéssiu
batessin		 batés
batesses
batés
batéssem
batésseu
batessen		 batera[note 13]
bateres
batera
batérem
batéreu
bateren		 batés
batesses
batés
batéssem
batésseu
batessen

Third-conjugation (-ir) verbs

This is the second-largest group of regular verbs in the Catalan language (about 10 percent of verbs in the dictionary). Most regular verbs in the group (about 91 percent) are inchoative, deriving from the Latin inchoative suffix -ESC-. The varied suffixes (eix-, -ix-, -esc-, -isc- [ˈɛʃ, ˈiʃ, ˈɛsk, ˈisk]), depending on tense and dialect), which carry the stress, is added to the root in the imperative second-person singular and the first-, second- and third-person singular and third-person plural of the indicative and subjunctive present: servir gives the imperative second-person singular serveix!, third-person singular indicative present serveix and the third-person singular subjunctive present serveixi.

<span id="Two-stemmed "inchoatives": servir ("to serve")">Two-stemmed inchoatives: servir ("to serve")

These verbs have basic (serv-) and extended stems (serveix-, servix-, servesc- or servisc-), used in particular tenses. Examples of inchoative verbs include patir ("to suffer/endure") and partir ("to divide"), which give the third-person singular indicative present of pateix and parteix respectively.

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
servir [səɾˈβi] servir [səɾˈvi] servir [səɾˈβi] servir [seɾˈβi] servir [seɾˈviɾ] servir [seɾˈviɾ]
Past Participle
servit [səɾˈβit]
servida [səɾˈβiðə]		 servit [səɾˈvit]
servida [səɾˈviðə]		 servit [səɾˈβit]
servida [səɾˈβiðə]		 servit [seɾˈβit]
servida [seɾˈβiðɛ][note 1]		 servit [seɾˈvit]
servida [seɾˈviɛ][note 1][note 2]		 servit [seɾˈvit]
servida [seɾˈviða]
Gerund
servint [səɾˈβin] servint [səɾˈvint] servint [səɾˈβin] servint [seɾˈβin] servint [seɾˈvint] servint [seɾˈvint]
Imperative
serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim! [səɾˈβim]
serviu! [səɾˈβiw]		 serveix! [səɾˈvɛʃ]
serviguem! [səɾviˈɣəm]
serviu! [səɾˈviw]		 serveix! [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim! [səɾˈβim]
serviu! [səɾˈβiw]		 servix! [seɾˈβiʃ]
servim! [seɾˈβim]
serviu! [seɾˈβiw]		 servix! [seɾˈviʃ]
servim! [seɾˈvim]
serviu! [seɾˈviw]		 serveix! [seɾˈvɛʃ]
servim! [seɾˈvim]
serviu! [seɾˈviw]
Present indicative
serveixi [səɾˈβɛʃi][note 5]
serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈβim]
serviu [səɾˈβiw]
serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]		 servesc [səɾˈvɛsk][note 6]
serveixes [səɾˈvɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈvɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈvim]
serviu [səɾˈviw]
serveixen [səɾˈvɛʃən]		 serveixo [səɾˈβɛʃu]
serveixes [səɾˈβɛʃəs]
serveix [səɾˈβɛʃ]
servim [səɾˈβim]
serviu [səɾˈβiw]
serveixen [səɾˈβɛʃən]		 servixo [seɾˈβiʃo]
servixes [seɾˈβiʃes]
servix [seɾˈβiʃ]
servim [seɾˈβim]
serviu [seɾˈβiw]
servixen [seɾˈβiʃen]		 servixc [seɾˈviʃk] / servisc [seɾˈvisk][note 6]
servixes [seɾˈviʃes]
servix [seɾˈviʃ]
servim [seɾˈvim]
serviu [seɾˈviw]
servixen [seɾˈviʃen]		 servesc [seɾˈvɛsk][note 6]
serveixes [seɾˈvɛʃes]
serveix [seɾˈvɛʃ]
servim [seɾˈvim]
serviu [seɾˈviw]
serveixen [seɾˈvɛʃen]
Imperfect indicative
serviï [səɾˈβii][note 5]
servies [səɾˈβiəs]
servia [səɾˈβiə]
servíem [səɾˈβiəm]
servíeu [səɾˈβiəw]
servien [səɾˈβiən]		 servia [səɾˈviə]
servies [səɾˈviəs]
servia [səɾˈviə]
servíem [səɾˈviəm]
servíeu [səɾˈviəw]
servien [səɾˈviən]		 servia [səɾˈβiə]
servies [səɾˈβiəs]
servia [səɾˈβiə]
servíem [səɾˈβiəm]
servíeu [səɾˈβiəw]
servien [səɾˈβiən]		 servia [seɾˈβia]
servies [seɾˈβies]
servia [seɾˈβiɛ][note 7]
servíem [seɾˈβiem]
servíeu [seɾˈβiew]
servien [seɾˈβien]		 servia [seɾˈvia]
servies [seɾˈvies]
servia [seɾˈvia]
servíem [seɾˈviem]
servíeu [seɾˈview]
servien [seɾˈvien]		 servia [seɾˈvia]
servies [seɾˈvies]
servia [seɾˈvia]
servíem [seɾˈviem]
servíeu [seɾˈview]
servien [seɾˈvien]
Preterite indicative[note 9]
serví
servires
serví
servírem
servíreu
serviren		 serví
servist
serví
servim
servís
serviren
Future indicative
serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran		 serviré
serviràs
servirà
servirem
servireu
serviran
Conditional
serviriï[note 5]
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria[note 7]
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien		 serviria
serviries
serviria
serviríem
serviríeu
servirien
Present subjunctive
serveixi[note 10]
serveixis
serveixi
servim
serviu
serveixin		 servesqui[note 10]
servesquis
servesqui
serviguem
servigueu
servesquin		 serveixi[note 10]
serveixis
serveixi
servim
serviu
serveixin		 servixo[note 11]
servixos
servixo
servim
serviu
servixon		 servixca/servisca
servixques/servisques
servixca/servisca
servim
serviu
servixquen/servisquen		 servesca
servesques
servesca
servim
serviu
servesquen
Past subjunctive
servissi[note 5]
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servís
servissis
servís
servíssim
servíssiu
servissin		 servira[note 13]
servires
servira
servírem
servíreu
serviren		 servís
servisses
servís
servíssem
servísseu
servissen

One-stemmed: dormir ("to sleep")

Examples of non-inchoative verbs include fugir ("to flee") and morir ("to die"), which give third-person singular indicative presents of fuig and mor respectively.

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
dormir [duɾˈmi] dormir [duɾˈmi] dormir [duɾˈmi] dormir [doɾˈmi] dormir [doɾˈmir] dormir [doɾˈmir]
Past Participle
dormit [duɾˈmit]
dormida [duɾˈmiðə]		 dormit [duɾˈmit]
dormida [duɾˈmiðə]		 dormit [duɾˈmit]
dormida [duɾˈmiðə]		 dormit [doɾˈmit]
dormida [doɾˈmiðɛ][note 1]		 dormit [doɾˈmit]
dormida [doɾˈmiɛ][note 1][note 2]		 dormit [doɾˈmit]
dormida [doɾˈmiða]
Gerund
dormint [duɾˈmin] dormint [duɾˈmint] dormint [duɾˈmin] dormint [doɾˈmin] dormint [doɾˈmint] dormint [doɾˈmint]
Imperative
dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormiguem!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!		 dorm!
dormim!
dormiu!
Present indicative
dormi [ˈdoɾmi][note 5]
dormes
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm [ˈdoɾm][note 6]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dormo [ˈdoɾmu]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dormo [ˈdoɾmo]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm [ˈdoɾm][note 6]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorm [ˈdoɾm][note 6]
dorms
dorm
dormim
dormiu
dormen
Imperfect indicative
dormiï [durˈmii][note 5]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [doɾˈmiə]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [duɾˈmiə]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [doɾˈmia]
dormies
dormia [dorˈmiɛ][note 7]
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [doɾˈmia]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien		 dormia [doɾˈmia]
dormies
dormia
dormíem
dormíeu
dormien
Preterite indicative[note 9]
dormí
dormires
dormí
dormírem
dormíreu
dormiren		 dormí
dormist
dormí
dormim
dormís
dormiren
Future indicative
dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran		 dormiré
dormiràs
dormirà
dormirem
dormireu
dormiran
Conditional
dormiriï[note 5]
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria[note 7]
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien		 dormiria
dormiries
dormiria
dormiríem
dormiríeu
dormirien
Present subjunctive
dormi[note 10]
dormis
dormi
dormim
dormiu
dormin		 dormi[note 10]
dormis
dormi
dormiguem
dormigueu
dormin		 dormi[note 10]
dormis
dormi
dormim
dormiu
dormin		 dormo[note 11]
dormos
dormo
dormim
dormiu
dormon		 dorma
dormes
dorma
dormim
dormiu
dormen		 dorma
dormes
dorma
dormim
dormiu
dormen
Past subjunctive
dormissi[note 5]
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormissis
dormís
dormíssim
dormíssiu
dormissin		 dormís
dormisses
dormís
dormíssem
dormísseu
dormissen		 dormira[note 13]
dormires
dormira
dormírem
dormíreu
dormiren		 dormís
dormisses
dormís
dormíssem
dormísseu
dormissen

Irregular verbs

ser or ésser ("to be")

This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: s-, ess-, er-, sig- (from Latin ESSE), and for-, foss, fu- (from Latin perfect forms of ESSE, which had analogous suppletive roots).

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
ser [ˈsɛ] ser [ˈsə] / esser [əˈse] ser [ˈse] / ésser [ˈesə] ser [ˈse] ser [ˈseɾ] ésser [ˈeseɾ]
Past Participle
sigut
siguda		 sigut/set/estat
siguda/seta/estada		 sigut/set
siguda/seta		 segut
seguda
Gerund
siguent sent/siguent/essent sent/siguent sent/siguent
Imperative
sigues
siguem
sigueu
Present indicative
sun
es/ets
és
sem
seu
sun		 som
ets
és
som
sou
són		 sóc/so
ets
és
som
sou
són
Imperfect indicative
eri[note 5]
eres/érets
era
érem
éreu
eren		 era
eres
era
érem
éreu
eren
Preterite indicative[note 9]
fui
fores
fou
fórem
fóreu
foren		 fui
fuist/fost
fo/fou/fonc
fom/fórem
fos/fórets
foren
Future indicative
seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 seré [səˈɾe]
seràs [səˈɾas]
serà [səˈɾa]
serem [səˈɾɛm]
sereu [səˈɾɛw]
seran [səˈɾan]		 siré [siˈɾe]
siràs [siˈɾas]
sirà [siˈɾa]
sirem [siˈɾɛm]
sireu [siˈɾɛw]
siran [siˈɾan]		 seré [seˈɾe]
seràs [seˈɾas]
serà [seˈɾa]
serem [seˈɾɛm]
sereu [seˈɾɛw]
seran [seˈɾan]		 seré [seˈɾe]
seràs [seˈɾas]
serà [seˈɾa]
serem [seˈɾɛm]
sereu [seˈɾɛw]
seran [seˈɾan]
Conditional
seriï[note 5]
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 seria
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 seria/fóra
series/fores
seria/fóra
seríem/fórem
seríeu/fóreu
serien/foren		 siria
siries
siria
siríem
siríeu
sirien		 seria
series
seria
seríem
seríeu
serien		 fóra
fores
fóra
fórem
fóreu
foren
Present subjunctive
sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigui
siguis
sigui
siguem
sigueu
siguin		 sigo[note 11]
sigos
sigo
siguem
sigueu
sigon		 siga
sigues
sigue
siguem
sigueu
siguen
Past subjunctive
siguessi[note 5]
siguessis
sigués
siguéssim
siguéssiu
siguessin		 sigués
siguessis
sigués
siguéssim
siguéssiu
siguessin		 fos/sigués
fossis/siguessis
fos/sigués
fóssim/siguéssim
fóssiu/siguéssiu
fossin/siguessin		 fos
fosses
fos
fóssem
fósseu
fossen		 fóra
fores
fóra
fórem
fóreu
foren

haver ("to have")

This auxiliary verb has several different roots: h-, hav- and hag- (either [aɣ] or [aʒ]) (all from Latin HABERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root hag-.

Central CatalanNorthwestern CatalanValencian
Infinitive
haver
Past participle
hagut
haguda
Gerund
havent
Present indicative
he/haig
has
ha
hem
heu
han
Imperfect indicative
havia
havies
havia
havíem
havíeu
havien
Future indicative
hauré
hauràs
haurà
haurem
haureu
hauran
Conditional
hauria
hauries
hauria
hauríem
hauríeu
haurien
Present subjunctive
hagi
hagis
hagi
hàgim
hàgiu
hagin		 haja
hages
haja
hàgem
hàgeu
hagen		 haja
hages
haja
hàgem
hàgeu
hagen
Past subjunctive
hagués
haguessis
hagués
haguéssim
haguéssiu
haguessin		 hagués
haguesses
hagués
haguéssem
haguésseu
haguessen		 haguera
hagueres
haguera
haguérem
haguéreu
hagueren

anar ("to go")

Anar has two roots: ana-, ani- (from Latin AMBULARE, the second a mix with Latin IRE) and va-, vag- [baʒ] (from Latin VADERE). The present of anar is used as an auxiliary verb to form the periphrastic preterite with the infinitive of the verb being conjugated. The forms of anar as an auxiliary verb are slightly different from the normal present tense. The first- and second-person plural forms are different; the auxiliary verb forms are vam and vau (or vem and veu, depending on dialect), and the full verb forms are anem and aneu (or anam and anau, depending on dialect).

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
anar anar anar anar anar anar
Past Participle
anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada		 anat
anada
Gerund
anant anant anant anant anant anant
Imperative
vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [əˈnɛm]
aneu! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈves]
anem! [əˈnəm]
anau! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [əˈnɛm]
aneu! [əˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈbes]
anem! [aˈnɛm]
aneu! [aˈnɛw]		 vés! [ˈves]
anem! [aˈnɛm]
aneu! [aˈnɛw]
Present indicative
vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [əˈnɛm]
aneu [əˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anam [əˈnam]
anau [əˈnaw]
van [ˈvan]		 vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [əˈnɛm]
aneu [əˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈbatʃ]
vas ['bas]
va [ˈba]
anem [aˈnɛm]
aneu [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈban]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anem [aˈnɛm]
aneu [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈvan]		 vaig [ˈvatʃ]
vas ['vas]
va [ˈva]
anam [aˈnɛm]
anau [aˈnɛw]
van [ˈvan]
Imperfect indicative
anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven		 anava
anaves
anava
anàvem
anàveu
anaven
Preterite indicative
aní
anares
anà
anàrem
anàreu
anaren		 ané/aní
anàs/anist
anà
anam
anats
anaren
Future indicative
iré
iràs
irà
irem
ireu
iran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran		 aniré
aniràs
anirà
anirem
anireu
aniran
Conditional
iria
iries
iria
iríem
iríeu
irien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien		 aniria
aniries
aniria
aniríem
aniríeu
anirien
Present subjunctive
vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vagi
vagis
vagi
anem
aneu
vagin		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen		 vaja
vages
vaja
anem
aneu
vagen
Past subjunctive
anéssi
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anàs
anassis
anàs
anàssim
anàssiu
anassin		 anés
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anés
anessis
anés
anéssim
anéssiu
anessin		 anara
anares
anara
anàrem
anàreu
anaren

fer ("to do")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: fe-, fa-, fac- [fas] (from the Latin FACERE). There are more dialectal (and non-standard) forms based on the root fag- [faʒ], similar to haver (for example, in the central Catalan subjunctive present).

BalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
fer
Past participle
fet
feta
Gerund
fent
Imperative
fé
facem!
feis!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!		 fes
fem!
feu!
Present indicative
faç
fas
fa
faim
fais
fan		 faig
fas
fa
fem
feu
fan		 faig
fas
fa
fem
feu
fan
Imperfect indicative
feia
feies
feia
feiem
feieu
feien
Preterite indicative
fiu
feres
féu
férem
féreu
feren		 fiu
faist/fist
féu
faem
faés/fés
feren
Future indicative
faré
faràs
farà
farem
fareu
faran
Conditional
faria
faries
faria
faríem
faríeu
farien
Present subjunctive
faci
facis
faci
facem
faceu
facin		 faci
facis
faci
fem
feu
facin		 faça
faces
faça
fem
feu
facen
Past subjunctive
fes
fessis
fes
féssim
féssiu
fessin		 fes
fesses
fes
féssem
fésseu
fessen		 fera
feres
fera
férem
féreu
feren

dir ("to say")

This irregular verb presents several different roots: di-, diu- [diw], dei- [dɛj], dig- [diɣ], dic- [dik] (all from Latin DICERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root dig-, especially in the Balearic dialects.

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdi] dir [ˈdir] dir [ˈdir]
Past Participle
dit
dita
Gerund
dient
Imperative
digues!
diguem!
digau!		 digues!
diguem!
digueu!
Present indicative
dic
dius
diu
deim
deis
diuen		 dic
dius
diu
diem
dieu
diuen
Imperfect indicative
deia
deies
deia
dèiem
dèieu
deien
Preterite indicative
diguí
digueres
digué
diguérem
diguéreu
digueren		 dix
dixist
dix
dixem
dixest
dixeren
Future indicative
diré
diràs
dirà
direm
direu
diran
Conditional
diria
diries
diria
diríem
diríeu
dirien
Present subjunctive
digui [ˈdiɣi]
diguis [ˈdiɣis]
digui [ˈdiɣi]
diguem [diˈɣɛm]
digueu [diˈɣɛw]
diguin [ˈdiɣin]
Past subjunctive
digués
diguessis
digués
diguéssim
diguéssiu
diguessin

dur ("to take/get")

This irregular verb has several different roots: du-, dui- [duj], dug- [duɣ], duc- [duk] (all from Latin DUCERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root dug-, especially in the Balearic dialects.

Northern CatalanBalearicCentral CatalanNorth-Western CatalanValencianMedieval Catalan
Infinitive
dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdu] dur [ˈdur] dur [ˈdur]
Past Participle
duit [ˈdujt]
duita [ˈdujtə]		 dut [ˈdut]
duta [ˈdutə]
Gerund
duent
Imperative
duu!
duguem!
duis!		 duu!
duguem!
dueu!		 dus!
duguem!
dueu!		 dus!
duguem!
dueu!
Present indicative
duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duim [ˈdujm]
duis [ˈdujs]
duen [ˈduən]		 duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duem [duˈɛm]
dueu [duˈɛw]
duen [ˈduən]		 duc [ˈduk]
duus [ˈduws] / dus [ˈdus]
duu [ˈduw] / du [ˈdu]
duem [duˈɛm]
dueu [duˈɛw]
duen [ˈduen]
Imperfect indicative
duia
duies
duia
duiem
duieu
duien
Preterite indicative
duguí
dugueres
dugué
duguérem
duguéreu
dugueren		 dux
duxist
dux
duxem
duxest
duxeren
Future indicative
duré
duràs
durà
durem
dureu
duran
Conditional
duria
duries
duria
duríem
duríeu
durien
Present subjunctive
dugui [ˈduɣi]
duguis [ˈduɣis]
dugui [ˈduɣi]
duguem [duˈɣɛm]
dugueu [duˈɣɛw]
duguin [ˈduɣin]
Past subjunctive
dugués
duguessis
dugués
duguéssim
duguéssiu
duguessin

Online Catalan verb conjugators

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Occidental Catalan dialects have feminine participle ending in -[ɛ].
  2. 1 2 3 4 Valencian drops intervocalic -d- in feminine participle.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Personal pronouns are usually not explicited, as grammatical persona and number are deducible from verb forms.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Medieval Catalan had etymological -a- in the desinence of several forms for first conjugation verbs. Only Balearic Catalan has preserved most of them. In particular: imperative second person plural, indicative present first and 2nd persons plural, and all forms of subjunctive preterite.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Northern Catalan has -i ending in first-person singular in indicative present, indicative imperfect preterite, simple conditional, and subjunctive preterite for all conjugations. This is a notable coincidence with Gascon and Lengadocian.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Medieval Catalan had no ending in the desinence of indicative present first-person singular for all conjugations, although some verbs with roots ending in complex consonantal sequences added a final support vowel -e. Balearic Catalan and Valencian have preserved this state in diverse degrees.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 North-Western Catalan has -[ɛ ] ending in third-person singular in present indicative, imperfect indicative, and simple conditional.
  8. ↑ Valencian has -e ending in indicative present 1st person singular for 1st conjugation.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 In most Catalan dialects simple preterite indicative has been replaced by the so called periphrastic preterite, which is constructed with characteristic forms of anar (to go) and the infinitive of the conjugated verb.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Oriental Catalan dialects have changed subjunctive present mark to -i- for 1st, 2nd, 3rd singular and third plural persons.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 North-Western Catalan has subjunctive present mark to -o- for 1st,2nd, 3rd singular and 3rd plural persons.
  12. 1 2 Medieval Catalan had subjunctive present mark -e- in all forms for 1st conjugation, only Valencian has preserved it so.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Valencian has changed subjunctive preterite marks to -r- in all forms, by analogy with indicative preterite.

See also

Bibliography

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