Bulgarian mafia

The Bulgarian mafia (Bulgarian: мутри, mutri) is a series of organized crime elements originating from Bulgaria.

Organized crime groups and activities

Bulgarian organized crime groups are involved in a wide range of activities, including drug trafficking, cigarette smuggling, human trafficking, prostitution, illicit antiquities trafficking, extortion (often under the cover of ostensible security and insurance companies), racketeering, various financial crimes, car theft and the arms trade. They appear to have connections with the Russian Mafia, Serbian Mafia, and the Italian Cosa Nostra. Bulgarian organized crime groups mainly use security and insurance companies such as SIC and VIS as fronts for criminal activities.

The organized crime (OC) groups is arguably the most serious problem in the country. OC groups range from local street extorters to international drug dealers and money launderers. There were an estimated 118 organized crime groups in Bulgaria in 2004. Not a single major OC figure has been punished by the Bulgarian law, though there are nominal on-going series of OC-related assassinations. The criminal wealth is usually laundered into ownership of sports teams, property developments and financial institutions. Organized crime influence all state institutions, including the government, parliament and judiciary, organized criminals donate to all the major political parties, they "own" municipalities and individual members of parliament, controlling municipal councils and mayors. Bulgarian governments have done little to reduce the presence of organized crime, despite domestic efforts and U.S. and EU pressure to combat it.^[1] According to a former United States Ambassador to Bulgaria, Prime Minister Boyko Borisov has links with the mafia.^[2] According to Jürgen Roth, Borisov is the Bulgarian Al Capone.^[3]

Drug trafficking organizations run by Bulgarian nationals have been investigated in Los Angeles and Tampa. These groups deal with the import of cocaine and multi-thousand doses of ecstasy into the United States. Most members of these were imprisoned in the U.S. There, Bulgarian nationals are identified for falsification of IDs, organized bank fraud, mortgage fraud, credit card fraud and alien smuggling.^[1]

Living criminal figures

• Gen. Lyuben Gotsev - Retired Secret Service general, allegedly connected with SIC. He is suspected of being the “eminence grise” of the once ruling Bulgarian Socialist Party and its connection with the mafia. Gotsev was a minister of foreign affairs in the 1990s.
• Krasimir Marinov, aka "Big Margin" - Co-founder of SIC.
• Nikolay Marinov, aka "Small Margin" - Co-founder of SIC.
• Mladen Mihalev, aka Madzho - Co-founder of SIC^[4]
• Ventsislav Stefanov - Co-founder of SIC.
• Rumen Nikolov, aka "Pashata" - Co-founder of SIC.
• Georgi Stefanov aka "Gerata" - Director of VIS (VAI Holding)
• Zlatomir Ivanov, aka "Zlatko Baretata" - Drug smuggler..
• Plamen Ivanov
• Svetlyo Todorov aka Human traffic. He has connections with VIS mob bosses.

Contract killings

Since the fall of communism in 1989, there have been more than 150 high rank heads mafia-style contract killings in Bulgaria, frequently perpetrated in the centre of the capital, Sofia, in broad daylight. There has been at most 1 conviction^[5] in these cases to date, though sources differ.^[6][7] This is frequently blamed on the alleged widespread corruption at all levels of the Bulgarian judicial system including the Prosecutor's Office.

The cost of contract killings carried out by highly professional snipers has been estimated at approximately £5,000-£50,000 The more important the more expensive one worth .^[5]

Some of the most prominent assassination targets of recent years (in chronological order):

• Vasil Iliev - Founder of VIS1 and VIS2. Ambushed by an unknown killer on his way to Club "Mirage" on 25 April 1995.
• Andrey Lukanov - former Bulgarian prime minister (1990). Killed on 2 October 1996.
• Ivo Karamanski, aka "The Godfather" - Shot by a drunk acquaintance in front of his house on 20 December 1998.
• Pantyu Pantev, aka "Polly" - Drug smuggler, initially affiliated with VIS, later with SIC. He was rumoured to have stolen half a ton of cocaine from the Russian or Colombian mafia. Several assassination attempts, including one with a missile,^[8] all attempts for different reasons from different rivals . He was shot dead on the Caribbean island of Aruba on 9 March 2001.
• Iliya Pavlov - Founder of Multigroup and the wealthiest individual in Bulgaria. There is no official evidence for criminal activities but he was widely considered to be one of the bosses of the mafia. Former employees claim that he was involved in a prostitution ring. He was shot dead in front of his office in Sofia on 3 July 2003 (a failed assassination attempt had been made in 1997).
• Konstantin "Samokovetsa" Dimitrov - Drug smuggler and billionaire, connected with VIS. Shot dead in Amsterdam on 7 December 2003.
• Dimitar Hristov, aka Mitko the Little One - Shot dead on 4 June 2004 in a cafe together with his bodyguards Kaloyan Savov and Zhivko Mitev by two hitmen disguised as Eastern Orthodox priests.
• Milcho Bonev, aka "Baj Mile" - One of the founders of SIC and closely associated with Mladen Mihalev, aka Madzho. He was believed to be an important link in the drug trafficking and distribution network in the Balkans, and was investigated by Bulgarian and Serbian special services. He had survived an earlier assassination attempt in September 2001. Bonev was shot dead in broad daylight in a garden-restaurant in Sofia on 20 July 2004 together with five of his bodyguards.^[4][9]
• Georgi Iliev - Brother of Vasil Iliev and head of VIS2. Shot dead in front of his club at Sunny Beach, Bulgaria on 25 August 2005.
• Emil Kyulev - Former elite swimmer and banker, connected with SIC. Shot dead while driving down Boulevard Bulgaria in Sofia on 26 October 2005.^[10][11]
• Anton Miltenov, aka "The Beak" - Drug smuggler, right-hand man of Konstantin "Samokovetsa" Dimitrov. Shot dead in a popular cafe in the centre of Sofia on 30 October 2005 (together with his co-workers Ivan "The Ghost" Todorov and Nikolay "The Eyeglasses" Dobrev). An earlier attempt on his life had been made on 28 June 2002.
• Ivan Todorov, aka "The Doctor" - Drug smuggler. Shot dead on 22 February 2006. He had survived a previous assassination attempt on 18 April 2003 in which his Mercedes was blown up while driving down a main boulevard in Sofia.
• Georgi Stoev - Former wrestler, connected with VIS and SIC. Had written nine books about Bulgaria's mafia bosses, many of whom he claimed to know personally. Shot dead in Sofia on 7 April 2008.^[12]
• Zlatko Baretata (The Berret) - Notorious Bulgarian mobster. He suffered an assassination attempt on the stairs of the Sofia Court House in Downtown Sofia on 29-January 2013. Despite being shot multiple times, he survived the attack.

Other mafia-related assassinations

• Georgi Kalapatirov - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in 1995.
• Georgi Prodanov - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in 1995.
• Petar Petrov - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in 1998.
• Georgi Iliev - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in August 2005.
• Nikolai Popov - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in 2005.^[13]
• Alexander Tasev - Chairman of Bulgaria's football team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, shot dead in May 2007.
• Yanko Yankov - Mayor of Elin Pelin, shot dead in January 2007.
• Dimitar Yankov - Chairman of the Municipality Council of the seaside town of Nesebar, shot dead in May 2007.^[14]
• Manol Velev - Bulgarian notorious businessman-mobster with close links with the BSP. Murder attempt on 6 November2007.
• Borislav Georgiev - Director of AtomEnergoRemont, one of the major Bulgarian energy companies. Shot dead in April 2008.
• Petar Lupov - Prominent lawyer, involved in the defense team for a group of shareholders of the former Trakya Bank against DZI Bank. Shot dead on 25 March 2009 in Veliko Tarnovo.^[15]
• Bobi Tsankov - Controversial investigative journalist, criminal writer, radio and TV host. Shot dead in downtown Sofia, January 2010.^[16]

Australia

• Nik Radev - Russian Mafia enforcer

Judicial prosecution and fight against criminal networks

In 2006, the EU dispatched the head of Germany's criminal investigation office Klaus Jansen to assess Bulgaria's progress in fighting organized crime. He concluded that Bulgaria had failed to implement modern principles and methods in the fight against crime, criticising among other things the low commitment of the country's police force to combat organized crime.^[17][18][19] The report further observed that "indictments, prosecutions, trials, convictions and deterrent sentences remain rare in the fight against high-level corruption" and described efforts to fight crime as "a total mess". Jensen also suggested that European police information passed to Sofia could end up with criminals. In a reaction to the report, Interior Minister Rumen Petkov described the findings as exaggerated and protested against Jansen's way of presenting the situation in Bulgaria which, in his words, demonstrated his incompetence.^[20]

In the Bulgarian judicial system, the Prosecutor General is elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds from all the members of the Supreme Judicial Council and is appointed by the President of the Republic. The Supreme Judicial Council is in charge of the self-administration and organisation of the Judiciary.^[21]

List of Prosecutor Generals in Bulgaria post-1989:

• Boris Velchev - in office since 26 February 2006
• Nikola Filchev
• General Ivan Tatarchev
• Martin Gounev

History

See also: History of Bulgaria since 1989

Much of the post-Communist Bulgarian mafia originates from the professional sportsmen and especially the wrestlers of the Communist period (1944–1989). The Iliev brothers, Krasimir "Big Margin" Marinov and Iliya Pavlov were all students of the school for future champions "Olympic Hopes" (Bulgarian: "Олимпийски надежди").^[22]

In post-1990 Bulgaria, the word борец ("wrestler") came to denote a mafia man (a common synonym is мутра (mutra),^[23] literally "mug, or mean mug"). The image of the Bulgarian "mug", including a sturdy muscular build, a black suit, sunglasses, a shaved head, and golden jewellery, became synonymous with the so-called Bulgarian "transition" (to market economy). These wrestlers were also known to own expensive cars with license plates with double numbers so that strangers would recognize their status as elite criminals. ^[8]

The wrestlers came to control much of Bulgarian business, so the word "businessman" acquired similar undertones. The wrestlers also infiltrated Bulgarian politics (it was often alleged that SIC and VIS were connected to the two main parties of the 1990s, the Bulgarian Socialist Party and the Union of Democratic Forces, respectively).^[22] As the UDF government (1997–2001) made the registration of the criminal insurance businesses more difficult, much of their networks and personnel were integrated into existing legal insurance firms, while at the same time the principal bosses moved the focus of their attention to smuggling, trade and privatization.^[8]

During the government of National Movement Simeon II (2001–2005), assassinations became especially common. Throughout the Post-Communist period, evidence has often surfaced to show the close ties between the criminal networks and politicians and officials. UDF chief prosecutor Ivan Tatarchev allegedly recreated together with Ivo Karamanski, NMS-II finance minister Milen Velchev was photographed playing cards with Ivan "The Doctor" Todorov, and BSP interior minister Rumen Petkov negotiated with the shadowy "Galev brothers".

See also

• Multigroup
• Naglite
• VIS

General:

• Crime in Bulgaria

References

Further reading

• Iliya Trojanow (August 16, 2006). "Bulgaria: the mafia's dance to Europe". Open Democracy. 
• Iliya Trojanow (January 19, 2006). "Bulgaria's red mafia on Europe's trail". Open Democracy. 
• Centre for the Study of Democracy (2003) The Drug Market In Bulgaria
• Misha Glenny, The Rebirth Of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy (Penguin Books, 1990)
• Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia (Penguin Books, 1992)
• Misha Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (Penguin Books, 1999)
• Misha Glenny, McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld (The Bodley Head in the UK and Alfred A. Knopf in the US, 2008)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mafia Bulgare.

• WikiLeaks Cables - Bulgarian mafia
• Bulgarian mafia / crime pages & videos
• "Bulgarian mafia boss shot dead". BBC News. December 20, 1998. 
• "Bulgarian tycoon gunned down". BBC News. March 8, 2003. 
• "Bulgarian football boss shot dead". BBC News. August 26, 2005. 
• "Bulgarian sex slave gang smashed". BBC News. October 17, 2006. 
• Jackson, Patrick (July 27, 2007). "Laying bait for child smugglers". BBC News. 
• Lungescu, Oana (June 7, 2008). "Bulgaria under pressure over crime". BBC News. 
• "Reading Room - The ABC of Bulgaria's Drug Trade". The Sofia Echo. December 18, 2003. 
• "Tight Security, Melee as Bulgarian Gangster Boss Turns up in Court". Sofia News Agency. May 16, 2007. 
• "The Head Shop UK". Sofia News Agency. Jan 7, 2015. 
• "Bulgaria's Football Elite Flock to Iliev's Memorial Service". Sofia News Agency. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-10-03. 
• "The Polish Magazine Wprost's list of top 100 of the richest men in Eastern Europe". 
• Bund Deutscher Kriminalbeamter (4 May 2006). "Deutscher Beamter allein gegen Bulgarien".