Bucket sort

This article is about a variation of bucket sorting that allows multiple keys per bucket. For the variation with one key per bucket, see pigeonhole sort.

Bucket sort
Class	Sorting algorithm
Data structure	Array
Worst-case performance	$O(n^{2})$
Best-case performance	$\Omega (n+k)$
Average performance	$\Theta (n+k)$
Worst-case space complexity	$O(n\cdot k)$

Bucket sort, or bin sort, is a sorting algorithm that works by distributing the elements of an array into a number of buckets. Each bucket is then sorted individually, either using a different sorting algorithm, or by recursively applying the bucket sorting algorithm. It is a distribution sort, and is a cousin of radix sort in the most to least significant digit flavour. Bucket sort is a generalization of pigeonhole sort. Bucket sort can be implemented with comparisons and therefore can also be considered a comparison sort algorithm. The computational complexity estimates involve the number of buckets.

Bucket sort works as follows:

Set up an array of initially empty "buckets".
Scatter: Go over the original array, putting each object in its bucket.
Sort each non-empty bucket.
Gather: Visit the buckets in order and put all elements back into the original array.

Pseudocode

function bucketSort(array, n) is
  buckets ← new array of n empty lists
  for i = 0 to (length(array)-1) do
    insert array[i] into buckets[msbits(array[i], k)]
  for i = 0 to n - 1 do
    nextSort(buckets[i]);
  return the concatenation of buckets[0], ...., buckets[n-1]

Here array is the array to be sorted and n is the number of buckets to use. The function msbits(x,k) returns the k most significant bits of x (floor(x/2^(size(x)-k))); different functions can be used to translate the range of elements in array to n buckets, such as translating the letters A–Z to 0–25 or returning the first character (0–255) for sorting strings. The function nextSort is a sorting function; using bucketSort itself as nextSort produces a relative of radix sort; in particular, the case n = 2 corresponds to quicksort (although potentially with poor pivot choices).

Note that for bucket sort to be $O(n)$ on average, the number of buckets n must be equal to the length of the array being sorted, and the input array must be uniformly distributed across the range of possible bucket values.^[1] If these requirements are not met, the performance of bucket sort will be dominated by the running time of nextSort, which is typically $O(n^{2})$ insertion sort, making bucket sort less optimal than $O(nlg(n))$ comparison sort algorithms like Quicksort.

Optimizations

A common optimization is to put the unsorted elements of the buckets back in the original array first, then run insertion sort over the complete array; because insertion sort's runtime is based on how far each element is from its final position, the number of comparisons remains relatively small, and the memory hierarchy is better exploited by storing the list contiguously in memory.^[2]

Variants

Generic bucket sort

The most common variant of bucket sort operates on a list of n numeric inputs between zero and some maximum value M and divides the value range into n buckets each of size M/n. If each bucket is sorted using insertion sort, the sort can be shown to run in expected linear time (where the average is taken over all possible inputs).^[3] However, the performance of this sort degrades with clustering; if many values occur close together, they will all fall into a single bucket and be sorted slowly. This performance degradation is avoided in the original bucket sort algorithm by assuming that the input is generated by a random process that distributes elements uniformly over the interval [0,1).^[1] Since there are n uniformly distributed elements sorted in to n buckets the probable number of inputs in each bucket follows a binomial distribution with $E(n_{i})=1$ and hence the entire bucket sort will be $O(n)$ despite the repeated use of $O(n^{2})$ insertion sort.^[1]

ProxmapSort

Main article: Proxmap sort

Similar to generic bucket sort as described above, ProxmapSort works by dividing an array of keys into subarrays via the use of a "map key" function that preserves a partial ordering on the keys; as each key is added to its subarray, insertion sort is used to keep that subarray sorted, resulting in the entire array being in sorted order when ProxmapSort completes. ProxmapSort differs from bucket sorts in its use of the map key to place the data approximately where it belongs in sorted order, producing a "proxmap" — a proximity mapping — of the keys.

Histogram sort

Another variant of bucket sort known as histogram sort or counting sort adds an initial pass that counts the number of elements that will fall into each bucket using a count array. Using this information, the array values can be arranged into a sequence of buckets in-place by a sequence of exchanges, leaving no space overhead for bucket storage.^[4]

Postman's sort

The Postman's sort is a variant of bucket sort that takes advantage of a hierarchical structure of elements, typically described by a set of attributes. This is the algorithm used by letter-sorting machines in post offices: mail is sorted first between domestic and international; then by state, province or territory; then by destination post office; then by routes, etc. Since keys are not compared against each other, sorting time is O(cn), where c depends on the size of the key and number of buckets. This is similar to a radix sort that works "top down," or "most significant digit first."^[5]

Shuffle sort

The shuffle sort^[6] is a variant of bucket sort that begins by removing the first 1/8 of the n items to be sorted, sorts them recursively, and puts them in an array. This creates n/8 "buckets" to which the remaining 7/8 of the items are distributed. Each "bucket" is then sorted, and the "buckets" are concatenated into a sorted array.

Comparison with other sorting algorithms

Bucket sort can be seen as a generalization of counting sort; in fact, if each bucket has size 1 then bucket sort degenerates to counting sort. The variable bucket size of bucket sort allows it to use O(n) memory instead of O(M) memory, where M is the number of distinct values; in exchange, it gives up counting sort's O(n + M) worst-case behavior.

Bucket sort with two buckets is effectively a version of quicksort where the pivot value is always selected to be the middle value of the value range. While this choice is effective for uniformly distributed inputs, other means of choosing the pivot in quicksort such as randomly selected pivots make it more resistant to clustering in the input distribution.

The n-way mergesort algorithm also begins by distributing the list into n sublists and sorting each one; however, the sublists created by mergesort have overlapping value ranges and so cannot be recombined by simple concatenation as in bucket sort. Instead, they must be interleaved by a merge algorithm. However, this added expense is counterbalanced by the simpler scatter phase and the ability to ensure that each sublist is the same size, providing a good worst-case time bound.

Top-down radix sort can be seen as a special case of bucket sort where both the range of values and the number of buckets is constrained to be a power of two. Consequently, each bucket's size is also a power of two, and the procedure can be applied recursively. This approach can accelerate the scatter phase, since we only need to examine a prefix of the bit representation of each element to determine its bucket.

References

1 2 3 Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms. Bucket sort runs in linear time on the average. Like counting sort, bucket sort is fast because it assumes something about the input. Whereas counting sort assumes that the input consists of integers in a small range, bucket sort assumes that the input is generated by a random process that distributes elements uniformly over the interval [0,1). The idea of bucket sort is to divide the interval [0, 1) into n equal-sized subintervals, or buckets, and then distribute the n input numbers into the buckets. Since the inputs are uniformly distributed over [0, 1), we don't expect many numbers to fall into each bucket. To produce the output, we simply sort the numbers in each bucket and then go through the buckets in order, listing the elements in each.
↑ Corwin, E. and Logar, A. "Sorting in linear time — variations on the bucket sort". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 20, 1, pp.197–202. October 2004.
↑ Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001. ISBN 0-262-03293-7. Section 8.4: Bucket sort, pp.174–177.
↑ NIST's Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures: histogram sort
↑ http://www.rrsd.com/psort/cuj/cuj.htm
↑ A revolutionary new sort from John Cohen Nov 26, 1997

Paul E. Black "Postman's Sort" from Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures at NIST.
Robert Ramey '"The Postman's Sort" C Users Journal Aug. 1992
NIST's Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures: bucket sort

External links

Sorting algorithms

Theory	Computational complexity theory Big O notation Total order Lists Inplacement Stability Comparison sort Adaptive sort Sorting network Integer sorting X + Y sorting Transdichotomous model Quantum sort

Exchange sorts	Bubble sort Cocktail shaker sort Odd–even sort Comb sort Gnome sort Quicksort Stooge sort Bogosort

Selection sorts	Selection sort Heapsort Smoothsort Cartesian tree sort Tournament sort Cycle sort

Insertion sorts	Insertion sort Shellsort Splaysort Tree sort Library sort Patience sorting

Merge sorts	Merge sort Cascade merge sort Oscillating merge sort Polyphase merge sort

Distribution sorts	American flag sort Bead sort Bucket sort Burstsort Counting sort Pigeonhole sort Proxmap sort Radix sort Flashsort

Concurrent sorts	Bitonic sorter Batcher odd–even mergesort Pairwise sorting network

Hybrid sorts	Block merge sort Timsort Introsort Spreadsort

Other	Topological sorting Pancake sorting Spaghetti sort

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