General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches

The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (GAUFCC or colloquially British Unitarians) is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian, Free Christians and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was formed in 1928, with denominational roots going back to the Great Ejection of 1662. Its headquarters building is Essex Hall in central London, on the site of the first avowedly Unitarian chapel in England, set up in 1774.

The GAUFCC brought together various strands and traditions besides Unitarianism. These included English Presbyterianism, General Baptist, Methodism, Liberal Christianity, Christian Universalism, Religious Humanism and Unitarian Universalism. Unitarians are now an open faith community celebrating diverse beliefs; some of its members would describe themselves as Buddhist, Pagan, or Jewish, while many others are humanist, agnostic, or atheist. Unitarianism differs from many other religions in that it helps people find their own spiritual path rather than defining it for them.^[1]

History

Early Modern Britain

Christopher Hill states that ideas such as anti-Trinitarianism, which scholars solemnly trace back to ancient times, were an integral part of “the lower-class heretical culture which burst into the open in the 16th century”. The cornerstones of this culture were anti-clericalism (opposition to the power of the Church) and a strong emphasis on biblical study, but there were specific heretical doctrines that had “an uncanny persistence”. In addition to anti-Trinitarianism, there was a rejection of predestination and an embrace of millenarianism, mortalism and hermeticism. Such ideas became "commonplace to 17th century Baptists, Levellers, Diggers, Seekers, … early Quakers and other radical groupings which took part in the free-for-all discussions of the English Revolution".^[2]

After the restoration of the Stuart monarchy and the resulting Act of Uniformity 1662, around 2,000 ministers left the established Church of England (the Great Ejection). Following the Act of Toleration 1689, many of these ministers preached in 'non-conforming' congregations. The modern Unitarian denomination’s origins lay within this group of respectable Protestants who were reluctant to ever become Dissenters, that is the English Presbyterians. However, by the late 18th century, the influx of General Baptist congregations to the denomination established a direct lineage to this radical milieu although, by now, much of the ‘heretical culture’ baggage had been jettisoned.

19th century

Until the passing of the Unitarian Relief Act in 1813 it was a criminal offence to deny the doctrine of the Trinity. By 1825 a new body, the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, itself an amalgamation of three previous societies, was set up to co-ordinate denominational activities. However, there was a setback in 1837 when “the Presbyterian / Unitarian members were forced to withdraw from the General Body of Protestant Ministers which, for over a century, had represented the joint interests of the old established nonconformist groups in and around London”.^[3]

Around this time Presbyterian / Unitarian opinion was once again divided about how far the denomination should be associated with the label 'Unitarian’. James Martineau, a Presbyterian minister formerly based in Liverpool, pleaded for a ‘warmer’ religion than the ‘critical, cold and untrusting’ Unitarianism of his day. In 1881 he helped to found the National Conference of Unitarian, Liberal Christian, Free Christian, Presbyterian and other Non-Subscribing or Kindred Congregations – “a triumph, one might say, of Victorian verbosity. But the length of the name reflected the breadth of Martineau’s vision”.^[4]

Thus, from 1881 to the establishment of the GAUFCC, the denomination consisted of “two overlapping circles, one labelled ‘Unitarian’ and eager for organisation and propaganda, the other rejecting labels and treasuring comprehensiveness. Each side had its own college, its own newspaper and its own hymn book”^[5]

Present day

By 1928 these two "overlapping circles" had been reconciled in the same organisation: the GAUFCC. Over time the organisation has come to embrace a wider theological and philosophical diversity. "At one extreme are the 'Free Christians' who wish to remain part of the Church Universal; at the other are those who wish to move beyond Christianity.^[6]

The congregations of GAUFCC contain members who hold diverse opinions. Indeed, Unitarians are able to embrace and gain insights from the great world religions, philosophies, arts and modern sciences.^[7] Because the Unitarian Church does not follow one set of rules, most Protestant denominations and Catholic dioceses do not recognise the baptisms or marriages it performs.

The official name is used on formal occasions, but in general use the organisation refers to itself and its members simply as Unitarian; the website URL is unitarian.org.uk,^[8] and the BBC religion page reflects this.^[9]

Member churches

The General Assembly counts about 180 churches as members, including:

• Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel, 1754, West Sussex
• Brighton Unitarian Church, 1820, built by Amon Henry Wilds
• Bury Unitarian Church, in Bury, Lancashire
• Chowbent Chapel, in Atherton, Greater Manchester
• Cross Street Chapel, Manchester
• Cambridge Memorial Church, Cambridgeshire^[10]
• Dean Row Chapel, Wilmslow, Cheshire
• Essex Church, the first Unitarian church in England, moved in 1880s from central London to Kensington
• Fulwood Old Chapel, in Sheffield
• Mill Hill Chapel, on Leeds City Square
• Newington Green Unitarian Church, North London
• Octagon Chapel, Norwich
• Rivington Unitarian Chapel, in Lancashire
• Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel, Hampstead, North London; one of the biggest congregations nationally
• Todmorden Unitarian Church, in West Yorkshire
• Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, in Liverpool
• Underbank Chapel, Sheffield
• Unitarian Chapel, Liverpool
• Unitarian Meeting House, Ipswich
• Upper Chapel, Sheffield
• York Unitarian Chapel

Some Unitarian churches have become defunct, and the buildings are used for other purposes:

• Wallasey Memorial Unitarian Church, on the Wirral Peninsula, now under the care of the Historic Chapels Trust

The following place articles mention the presence of their Unitarian churches:

• Belper, Derbyshire (1788)
• Bessels Green, in Sevenoaks, Kent
• Brookfield Unitarian Church in Gorton, near Manchester, built by Richard Peacock
• Crewkerne, in Somerset
• Little Horton, in Bradford
• Monton Unitarian Church in Eccles, Greater Manchester
  • Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester lists Brookfield, Monton, and Chowbent
• Stalybridge, near Manchester
• Trim Street, Bath, 1795
• Westgate Chapel, in Lewes, East Sussex
• List of places of worship in Hastings

Affiliations

The British Unitarians are a member of the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists and of the European Liberal Protestant Network. The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland maintains an Accord with the GAUFCC.

In addition to the approximately 170 congregations that are affiliated with the General Assembly, there are also groups within it. Some of these represent interests (history, music, international development, etc.), while others are of religious beliefs, most notably the Unitarian Christian Association and the Unitarian Earth Spirit Network.

Officers

The national structure of British Unitarians is headed by an elected President, who holds office for one year. This officer is the figurehead leader of the organisation. Day to day administration is in the hands of an Executive Committee, which is led by a Convenor, assisted by an Honorary Treasurer, a General Secretary (sometimes called Chief Officer), and other Executive Committee members.

At the regional level, British Unitarianism is grouped into Districts. There are currently 13 Districts in England, 2 in Wales, and 1 in Scotland. Each District has a similar structure to that at national level, with a President and a District Executive Committee. Some Districts appoint a District Minister.

Local congregations vary in size, structure, and practice, but there is a requirement for each congregation to have some form of established and formal leadership. In most cases this will include a local Council and usually also a Unitarian minister.

Notable British Unitarians

• Sir Tim Berners Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
• Sir John Brunner, businessman (ICI), politician and great grandfather of HRH The Duchess of Kent
• Austen Chamberlain, Nobel peace prize winner
• Rt Hon Joe Chamberlain, businessman (GKN), politician and statesman
• Neville Chamberlain, prime minister
• Sir Philip Colfox, politician
• the Lupton family of Leeds, prosperous merchants and civic leaders
• John Sutton Nettlefold, industrialist
• Sir Isaac Newton, physicist
• Joseph Priestley, chemist and Unitarian clergyman
• Andrew Pritchard, microscope maker
• Cyril Smith, member of parliament and alleged serial sex offender
• Elizabeth Gaskell, novelist
• Mary Wollstonecroft,^[11] feminist

See also

• Religion in the United Kingdom
• List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches
• Bartholomew Legate, the inspiration behind the Seekers
• Edward Wightman, early General Baptist
• Rev. Joseph Cooke, the inspiration behind Methodist Unitarianism

References

External links

• Official website

Christianity
Jesus	Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God
Foundations	Church Creed Gospel New Covenant
Bible	Books Canon Old Testament New Testament
Theology	God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation
History and tradition	Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Protestant Reformation Luther
Denominations and movements (List)	Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Eastern Catholic Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Assyrian Church of the East ("Nestorian") Nontrinitarian Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism
Related topics	Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism
Category Christianity portal