List of minerals (synonyms)

The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date.

This list contains mineral synonyms, varieties and polytypes. The list is divided into groups:

For recognised minerals see list of minerals (complete)

List of main synonyms

Mainly renamed minerals and synonyms used by the Handbook of Mineralogy.[1]

A

  • A
    • Andorite IV: Quatrandorite; arrojadite-(BaFe): sigismundite;

B

  • B
    • Boldyrevite: UM1941-01-F:AlCaHMgNa; Britholite-(Ce): Lessingite-(Ce)

C

  • C
    • Chrysotile: Bostonite, Cyphoîte, Karystiolite, Krysolith, Kuphoite, Kupholite, Lefkasbestos, Picrosmine, Pikrosmin, Schweizerite, Ishkildite (var.); Clinozoisite-(Sr): Niigataite;

D–E

  • D
  • E
    • Epidote-(Pb): Hancockite;

F–G

  • F
    • Fraipontite: Zinalsite; Ferro-Ferritschermakite: Ferri-Ferrotschermakite;
  • G
    • Gagarinite-(Ce): Zajacite-(Ce)

H–J

  • H
    • Helvine: helvite; hinsdalite: orpheite; hydrokenoelsmoreite: alumotungstite, ferritungstite; hisingerite: sturtite;
  • I
    • J
      • Johnbaumite-M: fermorite;

    K–L

    • K
      • Karpatite: pendletonite (CNMMN, 1971), carpathite and coronene
    • L
      • Litidionite: lithidionite

    M

    • M
      • Manganohörnesite: manganese-hörnesite

    N-O

    • N
      • Natrozippeite: sodium-zippeite; natroboltwoodite: sodium-boltwoodite;
    • O
      • Osmium: iridosmine (var.);

    P–R

    • P
      • Pyrosmalite-Fe: Ferropyrosmalite
    • Q
      • Qingheiite: Qinghelite; Qitianlingite: Qitianglinite; Quartz: Azetulite, Azeztulite, Dragonite, Konilite, Lodolite, Quartz-alpha, Quertz; Quartz varieties: Agate, Amberine, Amethyst, Ametrine, Apricotine, Aventurine, Azurchalcedony, Basanite, Bayate, Beekite, Binghamite, Bloodstone, Buhrstone, Carnelian, Chalcedony, Chert, Chrysojasper, Citrine, Cotterite, Creolite, Cubosilicite, Dallasite, Damsonite, Darlingite, Diackethyst, Eisenkiesel, El Doradoite, Flint, Haytorite, Herbeckite, Irnimite, Jasper, Kinradite, Myrickite, Onyx, Pastelite, Prase, Prasiolite, Quartzine, Quetzalitztli, Ribbonstone, Sard, Sardonyx, Schwimmstein, Seftonite
    • R
      • Rutile: Cajuelite, Crispite, Dicksbergite, Edisonite, Gallitzinite, Paraedrite, Rutilite, Titankalk, Titanschorl; Rutile varieties: Ilmenorutile, Lusterite, Nigrine, Struverite; Römerite: Bückingite, Louderbackite, Roemerite;

    S

    • S
      • Stibiconite: hydroroméite; smolyaninovite: smolianinovite; sofiite: sophiite;

    T

    • T
      • Tadzhikite-(Ce): Tadzhikite-(Y); tantalite-(Fe): ferrotantalite; tantalite-(Mn): manganotantalite

    U–Z

    • U
      • Uzonite: Usonite;
    • V
      • Veatchite-p: P-Veatchite;
    • W
      • X
        • Xanthoconite: Rittingerite, Xanthocone; Xonotlite: Calcium-Pectolite, Eakleite, Xenotlite, Xonaltite, Xonolite
      • Y
        • Yttrotungstite-(Ce): Cerotungstite-(Ce)
      • Z

        Mineral varieties

        Mainly minerals varieties used by the Handbook of Mineralogy.

        1. Iridosmine*, an osmium variety, 01.AF.05
        2. Plagioclase solid solution series:
          1. An0: albite; An20: oligoclase; An40: andesine; An60: labradorite; An80: bytownite; An100: anorthite
          2. Oligoclase, albite variety, 09.FA.35
          3. Andesine, albite variety, 09.FA.35
          4. Labradorite, anorthite variety, 09.FA.35
          5. Bytownite, anorthite variety, 09.FA.35
        3. Ilmenorutile, a rutile variety, 04.DB.05
        4. Incaite*, a franckeite variety, 02.HF.25b
        5. Kamacite, a native iron variety, 01.AE.05
        6. Kerolite* (discredited 1979), a Ni-bearing variety of talc (?), 09.EC.05, [no]
        7. Lewistonite* (discredited 1978), a carbonate-rich variety of fluorapatite, 08.BN.05 [no]
        8. Metaberyllite* (Y: 1973, discredited 2006), a variety of beryllite, 09.AE.05, [no]
        9. Potosiite*, a franckeite variety, 02.HF.25b
        10. Sakharovaite* (Y: 1956, discredited 2006), a Bi-bearing variety of jamesonite, 02.HB.15,
        11. Struverite*, a rutile variety, 04.DB.05

        Doubtful procedures

        Unnamed minerals, controversial discreditations
        • Wolframoixiolite, a W-bearing variety of ixiolite, 04.DB.25; possibly a separate species.[2][3]
        • Scandian ixiolite (of von Knorring)N, a Nb-bearing variety of ixiolite, 04.DB.25; possibly a separate species.[4][5]
        • Scandian ixiolite (of Bergstol)N, a Sc-bearing variety of ixiolite, 04.DB.25; possibly a separate species.[6][7]
        • Ktenasite (Y: 1950) 07.DD.20, possibly a mineral group, under review (Leverett et al., 2009–2011).[8]
        • Unnamed (Zn-analogue of Ktenasite)N.[9]
        • Unnamed (Co-analogue of Ktenasite)N.[10]
        • Mg- or Cd-bearing varieties are also known.
        • Mitchell R H, Burns P C, Chakhmouradian A R (2000) The crystal structures of loparite-(Ce), The Canadian Mineralogist 38, 145-152.
        • Zubkova, N. V., Arakcheeva, A. V., Pushcharovskii, D. Y., Semenov, E. I., & Atencio, D. (2000). Crystal structure of loparite. Crystallography Reports, 45(2), 210-214.
        • Calciogadolinite-Y? (Y: 1938) might be a calcian gadolinite.[12][13]
        • ClinotyroliteN (monoclinic), both minerals might belong to a mineral group since tyrolite was shown to be monoclinic (pseudo-orthorhombic).[14]
        • Yttromicrolite-(Y) within the framework of nomenclature of Hogarth (1977): discreditation was not made by proper way (in the course of defamation of Crook, 1982).[15]
        • Pimelite* (Y: 1800, 1938) a nickel dominant smectite, is under review. Associations: nickel-bearing talc, yellow green nickeloan nontronite, red brown hematite stained nontronite, bright white montmorillonite.[16][17][18]
        • Tetranatrolite (discredited in 1999): might be identical to gonnardite, discreditation procedure apparently done without actually working on the type specimen or on any identified tetranatrolite itself.[19][20][21]
        • Yftisite-(Y) (discredited in 1987): but apparently the cell parameters are known (Balko & Bakakin, 1975).[22]
        • Buserite (IMA1970-024): dehydrates to birnessite, known synthetic compound.[23][24][25]
        • Zincobotryogen: it is discredited (IMA1967 s.p.) but its crystal structure has been solved (space group 14).[26]
        • Strontioborite: it is discredited (IMA1962 s.p.) but its crystal structure has been solved (space group 4).[27]
        • Aguilarite (Y: 1944, Ag4SeS, 2.BA.55): it might be two solid solution series, a monoclinic ‘acanthite-like’ series (from Ag2S - Ag2S0.4Se0.6), and an orthorhombic ‘naumannite-like’ series (from Ag2S0.3Se0.7 - Ag2Se).[28]
        Controversial chemical formulas (IMA Master List)
        (and/or possible "analytical" artifacts)
        • Claraite (IMA1981-023) 05.DA.30 (IMA formula: Cu2+3CO3(OH)4·4H2O), but after U. Kolitsch it has essential As and S.[29]
        • Kolitsch, U. & Brandstätter, F. (2012): 1743) Baryt, Chalkophyllit und Clarait vom Pengelstein bei Kitzbühel, Tirol. P. 149. in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2012): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LX. Carinthia II, 202./122., 123-180.
        • Putz, H., Lechner, A. & Poeverlein, R. (2012): Erythrin und Clarait vom Pichlerstollen am Silberberg bei Rattenberg, Nordtirol. Lapis, 37 (1), 47-52; 62.
        • Cosalite (Y: 1868) 02.JB.10 (IMA formula: Pb2Bi2S5). It might have copper as essential constituent (AM Clark, MH Hey (1993) Hey's mineral index: mineral species, varieties and synonyms), (Zak, L., Megarskaya, L., Mumme, W. G. (1992). "Rezbanyite from Ocna de fier (Vasko): a mixture of bismuthinite derivatives and cosalite". Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Monatshefte 1992: 69–79. ).
        • The general structural formula for cosalite can be expressed as: CuxAg(i + s)Pb[8–2s–0.5(x + i)]Bi(8 + s)S20.[30]
        • Kobeite-Y (Y: 1950) 04.DG.05, the original analytical determinations contain between 14.91% and 17.08% ZrO2 with only 1.99% and 1.59% SiO2 respectively. The chemical formula (IMA version: (Y,U)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6) doesn't contain Zr.
        • Mackinawite (Y: 1963) 02.CC.25 (IMA formula: (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0-0.07)), sulfide anion (atoms per formula unit, apfu) might be too low due to analytical losses.[34][35][36]

        Grandfathered IMA valid species

        Rejected or discredited minerals

        Errors and synonyms

        Non minerals

        Discredited mineral varieties

        Discredited polytypes

        Groups and pairs

        Amphibole dump

        Discredited, renamed and/or hypothetical amphiboles

        Polytypes

        Based on Nickel (1993).[47]

        Arrojadite group

        Hydrotalcite supergroup

        The hydrotalcite supergroup might need another review.[53]

        Hydrotalcite group
        • DesautelsiteA (1978-016), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg
        6        Mn3+
        2        (OH)
        16        [CO
        3        ]·4H
        2        O
        • DroninoiteA (2008-003), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ni
        6        Fe3+
        2        (OH)
        16        Cl
        2        ·4H
        2        O
        Suggested: Mg6Al2(OH)16[CO3]·4H2O
        • IowaiteA (1967-002), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg
        6        Fe3+
        2        (OH)
        16        Cl
        2        ·4H
        2        O
        • JamboriteQ (1971-037), chemical formula
        Suggested: possibly Ni2+
        6        Ni3+
        2        (OH)
        16        S·4H
        2        O
        • MeixneriteA (1974-003), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg
        6        Al
        2        (OH)
        16        (OH)
        2        ·4H
        2        O
        • PyroauriteRd (Y: 1865), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg
        6        Fe3+
        2        (OH)
        16        [CO
        3        ]·4H
        2        O
        • ReevesiteA (1966-025), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ni
        6        Fe3+
        2        (OH)
        16        [CO
        3        ]·4H
        2        O
        Suggested: Mg6Cr2(OH)16[CO3]·4H2O
        • TakoviteA (Y: 1957, 1977 s.p.), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ni6Al2(OH)16[CO3]·4H2O
        • WoodalliteA (2000-042), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O
        Quintinite group
        • CaresiteA (1992-030), chemical formula
        Suggested: Fe3+
        4        Al
        2        (OH)
        12        [CO
        3        ]·3H
        2        O
        • CharmariteA (1992-026), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mn4Al2(OH)12[CO3]·3H2O
        • ChlormagaluminiteA (1980-098), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2·2H2O
        • ComblainiteA (1978-009), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ni
        4        Co3+
        2        (OH)
        12        [CO
        3        ]·3H
        2        O
        Suggested: Mg4Al2(OH)12[CO3]·3H2O
        Suggested: Zn4Al2(OH)12[CO3]·3H2O
        Fougèrite group
        Suggested: Fe2+
        4        Fe3+
        2        (OH)
        12        [CO
        3        ]·3H
        2        O
        • MössbaueriteA (2012-049), chemical formula
        Suggested: Fe3+
        6        O
        4        (OH)
        8        [CO
        3        ]·3H
        2        O
        • TrébeurdeniteA (2012 s.p.), chemical formula
        Suggested: Fe2+
        2        Fe3+
        4        O
        2        (OH)
        10        [CO
        3        ]·3H
        2        O
        Woodwardite group
        • HonessiteA (1962 s.p.), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Ni1-x Fe3+x )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n <3x /2)
        • WoodwarditeG (Y: 1866), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Cu1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • ZincowoodwarditeA (1998-026), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Zn1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n < 3x /2)
        Cualstibite group
        • CualstibiteRd (1983-068), chemical formula
        Suggested: Cu2Al(OH)6[Sb(OH)6]
        • OmsiteA (2012-025), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ni
        2        Fe3+
        (OH)
        6        [Sb(OH)
        6        ]
        • ZincalstibiteA (1998-033), chemical formula
        Suggested: Zn2Al(OH)6[Sb(OH)6]
        Glaucocerinite group
        • CarrboyditeQ (1974-033), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Ni1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • GlaucoceriniteG (Y: 1932), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Zn1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • HydrohonessiteA (1980-037a), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Ni1-x Fe3+x )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • HydrowoodwarditeA (1996-038), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Cu1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • MountkeithiteA (1980-038), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Mg1-x Fe3+x )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        • ZincaluminiteQ (Y: 1881), chemical formula
        Suggested: (Zn1-xAlx )(SO4)x /2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x /2)
        Wermlandite group
        • KarchevskyiteA (2005-015a), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6(H3O)5
        Suggested: Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O, possibly more than one species
        • NatroglaucoceriniteQ (1995-025), chemical formula
        Suggested: possibly Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O
        • NikischeriteA (2001-039), chemical formula
        Suggested: Fe2+
        6        Al
        3        (OH)
        18        [Na(H
        2        O)
        6        ](SO
        4        )
        2        ·6H
        2        O
        Suggested: Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O
        • WermlanditeA (1970-007), chemical formula
        Suggested: Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O
        Hydrocalumite group
        • HydrocalumiteG (Y: 1934), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2·4H2O, possibly multiple species
        • KuzeliteA (1996-053), chemical formula
        Suggested: Ca4Al2(OH)12(SO4)·6H2O

        Pyrochlore supergroup

        Further reading

        • Subcommittee on zeolite minerals of the IMA/CNMNC
          • Douglas S. Coombs; Alberto Alberti; Thomas Armbruster; Gilberto Artioli; Carmine Colella; Ermanno Galli; Joel D. Grice; Friedrich Liebau; Joseph A. Mandarino; Hideo Minato; Ernest H. Nickel; Elio Passaglia; Donald R. Peacor; Simona Quartieri; Romano Rinaldi; Malcolm I. Ross; Richard A. Sheppard; Ekkehart Tillmanns & Giovanna Vezzalini (December 1997). "Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the international mineralogical association, commission on new minerals and mineral names". The Canadian Mineralogist. 35: 1571–1606. 
        • "Subcommittee on amphiboles of the IMA/CNMNC"
          • Leake, Bernard E. (November 1978). "Nomenclature of amphiboles". The Canadian Mineralogist. 16: 501–520. 
          • Hawthorne, Frank C. (May 1983). "The crystal chemistry of the amphiboles". The Canadian Mineralogist. 21 (2): 173–480. 
          • Joseph A. Mandarino (1998). "The Second List of Additions and Corrections to the Glossary of Mineral Species (1995): The Amphibole Group". The Mineralogical Record. 29 (3): 169–174. 
          • Bernard E. Leake; Alan R. Woolley; Charles E. S. Arps; William D. Birch; M. Charles Gilbert; Joel D. Grice; Frank C. Hawthorne; Akira Kato; Hanan J. Kisch; Vladimir G. Krivovichev; Kees Linthout; Jo Laird; Joseph A. Mandarino; Walter V. Maresch; Ernest H. Nickel; Nicholas M. S. Rock; John C. Schumacher; David C. Smith; Nick C. N. Stephenson; Luciano Ungaretti; Eric J. W. Whittaker & Guo Youzhi (February 1997). "Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, commission on new minerals and mineral names". The Canadian Mineralogist. 35: 219–246. 
          • Bernard E. Leake; Alan R. Woolley; William D. Birch; Ernst A.J. Burke; Giovanni Ferraris; Joel D. Grice; Frank C. Hawthorne; Hanan J. Kisch; Vladimir G. Krivovichev; John C. Schumacher; Nicholas C.N. Stephenson & Eric J.W. Whittaker (December 2003). "Nomenclature of amphiboles: additions and revisions to the International Mineralogical Association's 1997 recommendations". The Canadian Mineralogist. 41 (6): 1355–1362. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.6.1355. 
          • Burke, Ernst A.J.; Leake, Bernard E. (December 2004). "Named amphiboles: A new category of amphiboles recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), and the proper order of prefixes to be used in amphibole names". The Canadian Mineralogist. 42 (6): 1881–1884. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.6.1881. 
          • Bernard E. Leake; Alan R. Woolley; William D. Birch; Ernst A.J. Burke; Giovanni Ferraris; Joel D. Grice; Frank C. Hawthorne; Hanan J. Kisch; Vladimir G. Krivovichev; John C. Schumacher; Nicholas C.N. Stephenson & Eric J.W. Whittaker (2004). "Nomenclature of amphiboles: additions and revisions to the International Mineralogical Association's amphibole nomenclature". American Mineralogist. 89 (5–6): 883–887. 
          • Hawthorne, Frank C.; Oberti, Roberta (October 2007). "Classification of the Amphiboles". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 67 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2138/rmg.2007.67.2. 
          • Frank C. Hawthorne, Roberta Oberti, George E. Harlow, Walter V. Maresch, Robert F. Martin, John C. Schumacher, Mark D. Welch (2012). "Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup". American Mineralogist. 97 (11–12): 2031–2048. doi:10.2138/am.2012.4276. 

        External links

        References

        1. ↑ IMA Database of Mineral Properties
        2. ↑
        3. ↑
        4. ↑
        5. ↑
        6. ↑
        7. ↑
        8. ↑
        9. ↑
        10. ↑
        11. ↑
        12. ↑
        13. ↑
        14. ↑
        15. ↑
        16. ↑
        17. ↑ Spangenberg, Kurt (1938) Die wasserhaltigen Nickelsilicate, Cent. Mineral. Abt. A., p. 360-364
        18. ↑ George T. Faust (1966) The Hydrous Nickel-Magnesium Silicates - The Garnierite Group, American Mineralogist, 51, p. 279-298
        19. ↑
        20. ↑ Lee, Yongjae, Hriljac, Joseph A., Parise, John B., and Vogt, Thomas (2006) Pressure-induced hydration in zeolite tetranatrolite. American Mineralogist: 91: 247-251.
        21. ↑ Seryotkin, Yu,V. & Bakakin, V.V. (2007) The reversibility of the paranatrolite-tetranatrolite transformation. European Journal of Mineralogy, 19, 593-598.
        22. ↑
        23. ↑ Mindat.org - Buserite
        24. ↑ Burns R G, Burns V E, Stockman H W (1983). "A review of the todorokite-buserite problem: implications to the mineralogy of marine manganese nodules". American Mineralogist. 68: 972–980.
        25. ↑ Golden, D.C., C.C. Chen, and J.B. Dixon (1987). "Transformation of birnessite to buserite, todorokite, and manganite under mild hydrothermal treatment". Clays and Clay Minerals. 35 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350404.
        26. ↑ Susse P (1968). "Die Kristallstruktur des Botryogens". Acta Crystallographica. B 24 (6): 760–767. doi:10.1107/s0567740868003171.
        27. ↑ Brovkin A A, Zayakina N V, Brovkina V S (1975). "Crystal structure of strontioborite Sr[B8O11(OH)4]". Soviet Physics - Crystallography. 20: 563–566.
        28. ↑ Bindi, L. & Pingitore, N.E. (2013) On the symmetry and crystal structure of aguilarite, Ag4SeS. Mineralogican Magazine, 77, 21-31
        29. ↑
        30. ↑ Topa, D. and Makovicky, E. (2010). "The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determinations of the structure". The Canadian Mineralogist. 48 (5): 1081–1107. doi:10.3749/canmin.48.5.1081.
        31. ↑
        32. ↑
        33. ↑
        34. ↑ Wolthers, M., Van Der Gaast, S.J., and Rickard, D. (2003). "The structure of disordered mackinawite". American Mineralogist. 88: 2007–2015.
        35. ↑ Wolthers, M., Charlet, L., Van Der Linde, P.R., Rickard, D., and Vamn Der Weijden, C.H. (2005). "Surface chemistry of disordered mackinawite (FeS)". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 69 (14): 3469–3481. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.01.027.
        36. ↑ David Rickard, A. Griffith, A. Oldroyd, I.B. Butler, E. Lopez-Capel, D.A.C. Manning, D.C. Apperley (15 December 2006). "The composition of nanoparticulate mackinawite, tetragonal iron(II) monosulfide". Chemical Geology. 235 (3–4): 286–298. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.07.004.
        37. ↑
        38. ↑
        39. ↑
        40. ↑ Moëlo Y, Makovicky E, Mozgova N N, Jambor J L, Cook N, Pring A, Paar W, Nickel E H, Graeser S, Karup-Møller S, Balic-Zunic T, Mumme W G, Vurro F, Topa D, Bindi L, Bente K, Shimizu M (2008). "Sulfosalt systematics: a review. Report of the sulfosalt sub-committee of the IMA Commission on Ore Mineralogy". European Journal of Mineralogy. 20: 7–46. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1778.
        41. ↑ V. Mladenova, U. Kolitsch, T. Kenkman, L. Hecht and R.-T. Schmitt (2010): Reinvestigation of the type material of orpheite: is it a valid mineral species? Poster, 20th General Meeting of the IMA (IMA2010), Budapest, Hungary, August 21–27; abstract in CD of Abstracts, p. 498
        42. ↑ MinDat - iodine
        43. ↑ Németh P, Garvie L A J, Aoki T, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L, Buseck P R (2014) Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material. Nature Communications 5 Article 5447, 1-5
        44. ↑ Mills S J, Christy A G, Génin J M R, Kameda T, Colombo F (2012). "Nomenclature of the hydrotalcite supergroup: natural layered double hydroxides". Mineralogical Magazine. 76 (5): 1289–1336. doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.10.
        45. ↑ Mindat forum
        46. ↑ Bayliss, Peter (1975). "Nomenclature of the Trioctahedral Chlorites" (PDF). Canadian Mineralogist. 13: 178–180.
        47. ↑ Nickel, E H (1993). "Standardization of polytype suffixes". Mineralogical Magazine. 57 (389): 756–756. doi:10.1180/minmag.1993.057.389.25.
        48. ↑ Rieder, Milan, Cavazzini, Giancarlo, D'yakonov, Yurii S., Frank-Kamenetskii, Viktor A. (1998). "Nomenclature of the micas (IMA Mica Group Subcommittee Report)" (PDF). Canadian Mineralogist. 36: 905–912.
        49. ↑ Bindi, L; Evain M; Spry P G; Menchetti S (2007). "The pearceite-polybasite group of minerals: crystal chemistry and new nomenclature rules". American Mineralogist. 92 (5–6): 918–925. doi:10.2138/am.2007.2440.
        50. ↑ Grice J D, Pring A (2012) Veatchite: structural relationships of the three polytypes, American Mineralogist 97, 489-495
        51. ↑ Cámara, F., Oberti, R., Chopin, C., Medenbach, O. (2006). "The arrojadite enigma: I. A new formula and a new model for the arrojadite structure". American Mineralogist. 91 (8–9): 1249–1259. doi:10.2138/am.2006.2189.
        52. ↑ Chopin, C., Oberti, R., Cámara, F. (2006). "The arrojadite enigma: II. Compositional space, new members and nomenclature of the group". American Mineralogist. 91 (8–9): 1260–1270. doi:10.2138/am.2006.2190.
        53. ↑ Back, Malcolm E. (2014). Fleischer’s Glossary of Mineral Species (11 ed.). Tucson AZ: Mineralogical Record Inc. p. 434.
        54. ↑ Atencio, D., Andrade, M.B., Christy, A.G., Gieré, R., Kartashov, P.M. (2010). "Nomenclature of the pyrochlore supergroup of minerals" (PDF). Canadian Mineralogist. 48 (3): 673–698. doi:10.3749/canmin.48.3.673.
        55. ↑ A. G. Christy & D. Atencio (2013). "Clarification of status of species in the pyrochlore supergroup" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 77 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.1.02.
        • D. G. W. Smith and E. H. Nickel (October 2007). "Codification of unnamed minerals". Mineralogical Magazine. 71 (5): 587–589. doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.5.587. 
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