Beti people

Beti people

A wooden mask of the Beti people
Total population
~3 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Cameroon
 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
Languages
Beti language (Niger-Congo)[2]
Religion
Christianity, some syncretic with Traditional religion
Related ethnic groups
Fang people, Yaunde people

The Beti people are a Central African ethnic group primarily found in central Cameroon.[1] They are also found in Equatorial Guinea and northern Gabon. They are closely related to the Bulu people, the Fang people and the Yaunde people, who are all sometimes grouped as Beti-Pahuin peoples.[1][3]

The Beti are found in northern regions of their joint demographic distributions, the Fang in the southern regions, and others in between. Estimates of the total Beti population vary, with many sources placing them at over three million spread from the Atlantic coastal regions near Equatorial Guinea into the hilly, equatorial forest covered highlands of central Africa reaching into the Congo.[1][4]

Language

The Beti people, like the other Beti-Pahuin peoples speak a dialect of the Fang language,[1] also known as Pahuin or Pangwe. Sometimes called as the Beti language, it is a Southern Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages.[2][5]

The Beti language is sub-classified as Bulu language, Eton language, Ewondo language and Fang language because though different, they are mutually intelligible to respective speakers.[2] While the languages are similar, there are linguistic differences suggesting a complex interaction between these peoples.[6]

History

The Beti people migrated south and west from the Sanaga River basin into equatorial forests regions.[4]

The Beti people are Buntu people who once lived in northern parts of Central Africa, with a complex, undocumented and debated prehistory.[7] They likely moved into equatorial Africa in the seventh or eighth century, then further southwest in central Cameron between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, likely after waves of wars and slave raids from the Fulani people.[1][8][9] They were also a targeted source for slaves and ivory by the Hausa people.[10]

Their initial migration in the 17th century was from highlands and forested regions east of the Sanaga River towards south and west. They continued to face jihads and violence from the north by the Fulani people (also called Fulbe or Fula people), abandoned their settlements and migrated further into southern parts of central Cameroon till the 19th century when European traders and colonial forces intervened as they sought trade and markets.[4] The first European power to create a colony that partly included the lands of the Beti people was the German Kamerun colony in 1884. After the first world war, the German colony was taken over, divided by the French and the British colonial powers.[11]

Cannibalism: the early allegations, then the truth

The French-American traveller Paul Du Chaillu met the Beti people in 1856, and in 1863 published one of the earliest European memoirs describing the Beti people. His memoir mentions his arrival on the Atlantic coast and being told by the residents there about a cannibalistic Beti-Fang peoples in the interior forests. When Du Chaillu arrived in the forested area and found these people, he saw piled human skulls and bones near their villages. He took these as evidence of cannibalism, and the wide early reading of his memoir influenced perceptions of later visitors such as those of ethnographer Mary Kingsley in 1893-1895, who did not speak the Beti language or live with the local people, saw the same practice, and titled her book "A Victorian Woman Explorer among the Man-eaters".[4]

In 1912, a Christian missionary named Father Trilles visited them, learnt the Beti language, and wrote a more objective ethnographic account of the Beti people.[4][12] Further information about these people began appearing after the World War I, but often stereotypical and about suppressing the practices related to human bones and remains in reliquary boxes. These alleged practices were used to justify violence against them and the enslavement of Beti and Fang peoples.[13] When their villages were raided, thousands of their wooden idols and villages were burnt by the slave raiders.[14] The French and the British colonial officials suppressed these practices.[4]

The Tarzan character (1918) was set among the Beti people of equatorial central Africa.[11]

As the scholarship and understanding about the Beti people grew in the 20th century, states John Shoup, the collected evidence suggest that the early rumors and allegations of cannibalism were wrong.[4] The Beti-Fang people were not cannibalistic, the human skulls and bones in open and in the reliquary boxes were of their ancestors. The practice of collecting the bones was a part of these people's method of routine remembrance and religious reverence for their dead loved ones.[13][14][15]

The Tarzan story

The initial reports of alleged cannibalism attracted widespread attention, supported the oft-stereotyped and presumed African barbarianism, then became a part of fiction and popular literature at the turn of the 20th century. Among the most famous was the novel Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs, which created the popular Tarzan character. Burroughs set his novel near the village of Mbonga, among the Beti people and their closely related ethnic group called the Fang people.[11][16]

The initial Tarzan story, where infant John is discovered by the Apes, raised by a female Ape built on the colonial era stereotype of cannibalistic Africans in the equatorial forests.[11][17] The story, states Shoup, provided a contrast of "pure uncorrupted" noble Tarzan midst barbaric cannibalistic society. The Tarzan syndicate became an global sensation, was widely followed, created some 89 movies in the 100 years that followed, launched numerous comic strips and television series, providing a distorted stereotyped view about the people from the African equatorial forest.[11][17]

Society and culture

The traditional occupation of the Beti people is farming, particularly of yams, cassava, corn and plantains as staples. Since the colonial era, many have adopted cash crops such as peanuts and cacao.[1] They are skilled artists and craftsmen, particularly in iron and wood related family run handicrafts. However, these artisans and home schooling of crafts have nearly become extinct because of urbanization and modern trade flows.[1]

The traditional Beti society has been organized at the village level, typically with its borders fenced and fortified with watch towers to protect the inhabitants from wild life of the rain forests and intruders. Outside the village compounds were carefully concealed traps, as another line of defense against slave raiders. The villages have tended to be politically independent of each other, centered on a lineage called Ayon or Mvog.[11] They are a patrilineal people, and disputes are typically settled by a due process led by a headman. The Beti revere their ancestors, and known among other things for their artistically produced reliquary boxes called the Byeri. They store the bones of their ancestors in these reliquary boxes, which were used during rite-of-passage ceremonies, with their sophisticated masks called So (animal-faced) and Ngil (human-faced).[11]

The Beti people have practiced double exogamy, that is typically married away from both father's and mother's lineages. The bride comes and lives with the groom's family. Another notable aspect of their society has been the concept of Mebala, a type of potlatch, where the wealthy and prosperous family ceremoniously gathered then shared away what they had with the less prosperous families.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178, 460. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  2. 1 2 3 Ewondo, Ethnologue
  3. ↑ Fang people, and Yaunde people, Encyclopedia Britannica
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 John A. Shoup (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
  5. ↑ Molefi Kete Asante; Ama Mazama (2009). Encyclopedia of African Religion. SAGE. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-4129-3636-1.
  6. ↑ Jan M. Vansina (1990). Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-0-299-12573-8.
  7. ↑ Pierre Alexandre (1965), Proto-histoire du groupe beti-bulu-fang: essai de synthèse provisoire, Cahiers d'Études Africaines, Vol. 5, Cahier 20 (1965), pages 503-560 (in French)
  8. ↑ Guyer, Jane I. (1980). "Female farming and the evolution of food production patterns amongst the Beti of south-central Cameroon". Africa. Cambridge University Press. 50 (04): 341–356. doi:10.2307/1158427.
  9. ↑ Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015). Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-1-59884-666-9.
  10. ↑ Frederick Quinn (2006). In Search of Salt: Changes in Beti (Cameroon) Society, 1880-1960. Berghahn Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-78238-884-5.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 John A. Shoup (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0., Quote: "Such displays of human bones led to rumors of Beti-Pahuin/Fang cannibalism. So common was the belief about their cannibalism and warlike demeanor that the writer Edgar Rice Burroughs decided to set his novel Tarzan in the Beti-Pahuin/Fang area."
  12. ↑ Patrick Harries; David Maxwell (2012). The Spiritual in the Secular: Missionaries and Knowledge about Africa. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-1-4674-3585-7.
  13. 1 2 Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 415–419, 460. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  14. 1 2 Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  15. ↑ John A. Shoup (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
  16. ↑ Edgar Rice Burroughs (1914). Tarzan of the Apes. A. C. McClurg & Company. pp. 122–128.
  17. 1 2 Jeff Berglund (2006). Cannibal Fictions: American Explorations of Colonialism, Race, Gender, and Sexuality. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-0-299-21594-1.
  18. ↑ John A. Shoup (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
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