Bennettitales

Bennettitales
Temporal range: Triassic to Oligocene
A Cycadeoid, showing an "inflorescence" in the top-right
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Superdivision: Spermatophyta
Division: Cycadophyta
Subdivision: Cycadophyta
Class: Spermatopsida
Order: Bennettitales †
Families

Bennettitales (the cycadeoids) is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Triassic period and became extinct in most areas toward the end of the Cretaceous (i.e. they existed around 252 to 66 million years ago),[1] although some Bennettitales appear to have survived into Oligocene times in Tasmania and eastern Australia.[2] Some were characterized by thick trunks and pinnately compound leaves that bore a superficial resemblance to those of cycads, differing primarily in stomatal arrangement.[3]

The taxon comprises two groups, the Cycadeoidaceae, represented by Cycadeoidea and Monanthesia which had stout trunks and bisporangiate strobili (cones serving as their reproductive structures), and the Williamsoniaceae including Williamsonia, Williamsoniella, Wielandella and Ischnophyton which had slender, branching trunks and either bisporangiate or monosporangiate strobili. Bennettitales have been placed among the anthophytes and for some time were considered to be close relatives of the flowering plants on account of their flower-like reproductive structures (a whorl of microsporangiate structures that surround an inner receptacle).[1] However, more detailed morphological studies have shown the hypothetical anthophytes clade to be polyphyletic, with the Bennettitales more closely related to the cycads, ginkgo and conifers than to the angiosperms.[4] Molecular fossil evidence, however, indicates the possibility that Bennettitales and Angiosperms (along with Gigantopteridales) form a clade, based on the presence of oleanane in fossils of these groups.[5]

Gallery

References

  1. 1 2 Speer, Brian R., 2000. Introduction to the Bennettitales http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/bennettitales.html (accessed 13 Oct 2005).
  2. ↑ McLoughlin, S., Carpenter, R.J. & Pott, C., 2011. Ptilophyllum muelleri (Ettingsh.) comb. nov. from the Oligocene of Australia: Last of the Bennettitales? International Journal of Plant Sciences 172, 574–585.
  3. ↑ Pigg, Kathleen. 2005 The Cycads, Cycadeoids (Bennettitales) and Ginkgophytes http://lsweb.la.asu.edu/kpigg/CYCAD.html (accessed 21 Sept 2007).
  4. ↑ Crepet, W. L. (2000). "Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably "perplexing phenomenon"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (24): 12939–41. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712939C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939. PMC 34068Freely accessible. PMID 11087846.
  5. ↑ Taylor, D. W.; Hongqi Li; Dahl, Jeremy; Fago, F. J.; Zinneker, D. & Moldowan, J. M. (2006). "Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils". Paleobiology. 32 (2): 179–90. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)32[179:BEFTPO]2.0.CO;2.

External links

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