Battle of Ushant (1778)

Battle of Ushant Part of the Anglo-French War Depiction of the battle by Théodore Gudin, c. 1848 Date 27 July 1778 Location Bay of Biscay, 100 miles (160 km) off Ushant 48°33′36.9″N 7°22′58.13″W / 48.560250°N 7.3828139°W / 48.560250; -7.3828139Coordinates: 48°33′36.9″N 7°22′58.13″W / 48.560250°N 7.3828139°W / 48.560250; -7.3828139 Result Indecisive Belligerents  Great Britain  France Commanders and leaders Augustus Keppel Hugh Palliser Comte d'Orvilliers Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen Strength 29 ships (all ships of the line) 32 ships (30 ships of the line) Casualties and losses 407 killed 789 wounded[1] 126 killed 413 wounded[1]

Anglo-French War 1778–1783 Europe 17 June 1778 1st Ushant 1st Jersey English Channel Plymouth Gibraltar Flamborough Head 6 October 1779 Cape Santa Maria 13 August 1780 2nd Jersey Minorca 2nd Ushant 3rd Ushant Île-de-Batz Cape Spartel 12 December 1782 Caribbean Dominica 1st St. Lucia 2nd St. Lucia Saint Vincent 1st Grenada 2nd Grenada 1st Martinique Guadeloupe 2nd Martinique Bermuda Fort Royal Tobago Brimstone Hill Frigate Bay Demerara & Essequibo Montserrat The Saintes Mona Passage 18 October 1782 6 December 1782 15 February 1783 Grand Turk North America Rhode Island Charles Town Savannah 1st Long Island Cape Henry Cape Breton Cape Ann Yorktown Chesapeake Yorktown Hudson Bay 2nd Long Island Delaware Bay 2nd Chesapeake East Indies Pondicherry Porto Praya Sadras Providien Negapatam Pisang Trincomalee 1st Cuddalore 2nd Cuddalore

The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778,^[2] and was fought between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. The battle, which was the first major naval engagement in the Anglo-French War, ended indecisively and led to political conflicts in both countries.

Background

The British had a fleet of thirty ships-of-the-line, four frigates, and two fire-ships commanded by Admiral Augustus Keppel, in HMS Victory, which sailed from Spithead on 9 July 1778.^[3] The French fleet had thirty-two ships-of-the-line, seven frigates, five corvettes and one lugger, commanded by Vice-Admiral Comte d'Orvilliers, who had sailed from Brest on 8 July 1778.^[4] Keppel sighted the French fleet west of Ushant at just after 12:00 on 23 July.^[4] Keppel immediately ordered his battleships into line and set off in pursuit. At around 19:00, the French fleet went about and began heading towards the British. Keppel, who did not wish to engage at night, had his ships hove to in response.^[5] In the morning, d'Orvilliers, found himself to the north-west of the British fleet and cut off from Brest, although he retained the weather gage. Two of his ships, standing to leeward, escaped into port, leaving him with thirty ships-of-the-line.^[5] Keppel tried for three days to bring the French to action but d'Orvilliers declined, maintaining his position upwind and heading into the Atlantic.^[5]

Battle

At 06:00 on 27 July, with the British fleet roughly line-abreast, Keppel gave the order for the rear division, under Sir Hugh Palliser, to chase to windward. At 09:00, the French, who had hitherto been sailing in the same direction, several miles to windward, went about once more. As the rearmost ships of the French fleet were tacking however, the wind changed allowing the British to close the gap between them and their quarry.^[5] At 10:15 the British were slightly to leeward, line-ahead on the same course as the French. A little later, a change in wind direction brought about a rain squall which cleared at around 11:00. A further change in wind direction to the south-west gave advantage to the British which d'Orvilliers sought to negate by ordering his ships about. The French, now heading towards British in a loose formation, would pass slightly to windward.^[6]

The French ships were a few points off the wind and d'Orvilliers ordered them close hauled which caused the French line to veer slightly away from the British. The battle began at 11:20 when the fourth French ship in the line was able to bring her guns to bear. Keppel, who wished to save his salvo for the enemy flagship, received the broadsides of six French ships without reply. Once he had engaged the 110 gun Bretagne, he continued to attack the next six ships in the French line.^[6]

As the British van passed the end of the French line, Harland ordered his ships about so as to chase the French rearguard.^[6] Palliser's ten ships at the rear had not formed line of battle but were instead in a loose irregular formation. This was in part due to Keppel's earlier order to break off and chase the French ships to windward. Palliser's division therefore was badly mauled, having allowed itself to be attacked piecemeal.^[7] At 13:00 Victory passed the last French ship and attempted to follow Harland but was so badly damaged in the masts and rigging that Keppel had to wear round and it was 14:00 before his ships were on the opposite tack. It was about this time that Palliser in Formidable, emerged from the battle, downwind of Keppel's division.

Meanwhile, the French line had tacked and was now heading south on the starboard tack and threatening to pass the British fleet to leeward. The French practice of firing high into the rigging had left several of the British ships disabled and it was this group that Keppel now stood down towards whilst making the signal, 'form line of battle'.^[7] By 16:00, Harland's division had gone about and joined Keppel's ships in line but Palliser would not or could not conform and his ships, misunderstanding Keppel's intentions, formed line with their commander, several miles upwind from the rest of the British fleet. D'Orvilliers did not however attack the British fleet while it was divided into three sections but instead continued his course, passing the British fleet to leeward.^[8]

At 17:00, Keppel sent the sixth-rate, HMS Fox to demand that Palliser join the main body of the fleet and when this failed, at 19:00, Keppel removed Palliser from the chain of command by individually signalling each ship in Palliser's division.^[9] By the time those ships had joined Keppel, night had fallen and, under cover of darkness, the French fleet sailed off. By daylight the French were 20 miles away and with no chance of catching them, Keppel decided to return to Plymouth to repair his ships.^[9]

Aftermath

France

The Duc de Chartres, a prince of the royal blood who was present at the battle, requested permission to carry news of its outcome to Paris and Versailles. He arrived there early on the morning of 2 August 1778, had Louis XVI woken and announced a victory. Chartres was widely celebrated and received a twenty-minute standing ovation when he attended the opera. An effigy of Admiral Keppel was burnt in the gardens of his family residence, the Palais-Royal.^[10] Chartres then returned to Brest to rejoin the fleet. Fresh reports of the battle and Chartres' role then began to arrive in the French capital. Far from a victory, it was now reported as being at best indecisive, and Chartres was accused by d'Orvilliers of either misunderstanding or deliberately ignoring an order to engage the enemy.^[11]

Chartres was soon mocked by street ballads in Paris, and the embarrassment led to his eventual resignation from the Navy. He subsequently tried to gain permission to take part in a planned invasion of Britain the following year, but he was refused by the King.^[12]

Britain

A violent quarrel, exacerbated by political differences, broke out between the British commands. This led to two courts-martial, the resignation of Keppel, and great injury to the discipline of the navy. Keppel was court-martialled but cleared of misconduct in action. Palliser was criticised by an inquiry before the affair turned into a squabble of party politics.^[13]

References

Bibliography

• Ambrose, Tom (2008), Godfather of the Revolution: The Life of Phillipe Egalite, Duc D'Orleans, Peter Owen .
• Chack, Paul (2001), Marins à la bataille: Le XIXeme siècle et l'Indochine [Sailors at the battle: the 19th century and Indochina] (in French), 2, Le gerfaut, ISBN 2-901196-92-6 .
• Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). The Age of the Ship of the Line. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978 1 84832 549 4. 
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence 
• Rodger, N.A.M (2005). The Command of the Ocean. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-140-28896-1. 
• Syrrett, David (1998). The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570032387. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Ushant (1778).