Cardiac myxoma

Atrial myxoma

Micrograph of an atrial myxoma. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB 1075
MedlinePlus 007273

An atrial myxoma is a benign tumor of the heart, most commonly found within the left and then the right atria on the interatrial septum.

Causes

Myxomas are the most common type of primary heart tumor.[1]

The tumor is derived from multipotential mesenchymal cells and may cause a ball valve-type obstruction.

About 75% of myxomas occur in the left atrium of the heart, usually beginning in the wall that divides the two upper chambers of the heart. The rest are in the right atrium, rarely in the left ventricle. Right atrial myxomas are sometimes associated with tricuspid stenosis and atrial fibrillation.

Myxomas are more common in women. About 10% of myxomas are passed down through families (inherited), as in Carney syndrome, where several other abnormalities are observed, such as skin myxomas, pigmentation, endocrine hyperactivity, schwannomas and epithelioid blue nevi. Such tumors are called familial myxomas. They tend to occur in more than one part of the heart at a time, and often cause symptoms at a younger age than other myxomas.

Symptoms

Symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they accompany a change of body position. Pedunculated myxomas can have a "wrecking ball effect", as they lead to stasis and may eventually embolize themselves. Symptoms may include:

The symptoms and signs of left atrial myxomas often mimic mitral stenosis. General symptoms may also be present, such as:

These general symptoms may also mimic those of infective endocarditis.

Diagnosis

A doctor will listen to the heart with stethoscope. A "tumor plop" (a sound related to movement of the tumor), abnormal heart sounds, or a murmur similar to the mid-diastolic rumble of mitral stenosis may be heard. These sounds may change when the patient changes position.

Echocardiogram of Atrial myxoma

Right atrial myxomas rarely produce symptoms until they have grown to be at least 13 cm (about 5 inches) wide.

Tests may include:

Blood tests: A FBC may show anemia and increased WBCs (white blood cells). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually increased.

Treatment

The tumor must be surgically removed. Some patients will also need their mitral valve replaced. This can be done during the same surgery.

Myxomas may come back if surgery did not remove all of the tumor cells.

Prognosis

An embolized fragment of an atrial myxoma in the iliac bifurcation.

Although a myxoma is not cancer, complications are common. Untreated, a myxoma can lead to an embolism (tumor cells breaking off and traveling with the bloodstream), which can block blood flow. Myxoma fragments can move to the brain, eye, or limbs.

If the tumor grows inside the heart, it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. This may require emergency surgery to prevent sudden death.

Complications

Additional images

See also

Other primary cardiac tumours include:

References

  1. ↑ Vaideeswar, P.; Butany, JW. (Feb 2008). "Benign cardiac tumors of the pluripotent mesenchyme.". Semin Diagn Pathol. 25 (1): 20–8. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2007.10.005. PMID 18350919.
  2. ↑ Eric J. Topol. The Topol Solution: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Third Edition with DVD, Plus Integrated Content Website, Volume 355. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Oct 19, 2006; page 223. ISBN 0781770122
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