Atmospheric water generator

An atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air. Water vapor in the air is condensed by cooling the air below its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants, or pressurizing the air. Unlike a dehumidifier, an AWG is designed to render the water potable. AWGs are useful where pure drinking water is difficult or impossible to obtain, because there is almost always a small amount of water in the air that can be extracted. The two primary techniques in use are cooling and desiccants.

The extraction of atmospheric water may not be completely free of cost, because significant input of energy is required to drive some AWG processes. Certain traditional AWG methods are completely passive, relying on natural temperature differences, and requiring no external energy source. Research has also developed AWG technologies to produce useful yields of water at a reduced (but non-zero) energy cost.

History

"Atrapanieblas" or fog collection in Alto Patache, Atacama Desert, Chile.

The Incas were able to sustain their culture above the rain line by collecting dew and channeling it to cisterns for later distribution. Historical records indicate the use of water-collecting fog fences. These traditional methods have usually been completely passive, requiring no external energy source other than naturally occurring temperature variations.

Modern technologies

Many atmospheric water generators operate in a manner very similar to that of a dehumidifier: air is passed over a cooled coil, causing water to condense. The rate of water production depends on the ambient temperature, humidity, the volume of air passing over the coil, and the machine's capacity to cool the coil. These systems reduce air temperature, which in turn reduces the air's capacity to carry water vapor. This is the most common technology in use, but when powered by coal-based electricity it has one of the worst carbon footprints of any water source (exceeding reverse osmosis seawater desalination by three orders of magnitude) and it demands more than four times as much water up the supply chain as it delivers to the user.[1]

An alternative available technology uses liquid, or "wet" desiccants such as lithium chloride or lithium bromide to pull water from the air via hygroscopic processes.[2] A proposed similar technique combines the use of solid desiccants, such as silica gel and zeolite, with pressure condensation.

Cooling condensation

Example of cooling-condensation process.

In a cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator, a compressor circulates refrigerant through a condenser and then an evaporator coil which cools the air surrounding it. This lowers the air temperature to its dew point, causing water to condense. A controlled-speed fan pushes filtered air over the coil. The resulting water is then passed into a holding tank with purification and filtration system to help keep the water pure and reduce the risk posed by viruses and bacteria which may be collected from the ambient air on the evaporator coil by the condensing water.[3]

The rate at which water can be produced depends on relative humidity and ambient air temperature and size of the compressor. Atmospheric water generators become more effective as relative humidity and air temperature increase. As a rule of thumb, cooling condensation atmospheric water generators do not work efficiently when the temperature falls below 18.3°C (65°F) or the relative humidity drops below 30%. This means they are relatively inefficient when located inside air-conditioned offices. The cost-effectiveness of an AWG depends on the capacity of the machine, local humidity and temperature conditions and the cost to power the unit.

New emerging technology utilize the Peltier effect of semi-conducting materials in which one side of the semi-conducting material heats while the other side cools. In this application, air is forced over the cooling fins on the side that cools which lowers the temperature of the air to its dew point, causing water to condense. The resulting water is then collected. Due to the solid-state nature of the semi-conducting material and the lower power usage, some of these new designs use solar energy panels as the power source.

The drinking water generation capacity can be enhanced in low humidity ambient air conditions, first by using the evaporative cooler with a brackish water supply to increase the air humidity near to dew point condition. Thus drinking water is generated using brackish water without depending on ambient air humidity by the water generator.

Wet desiccation

One form of wet desiccant water generation involves the use of salt in a concentrated brine solution to absorb the ambient humidity. These systems then extract the water from the solution and purify it for consumption. A version of this technology was developed as portable devices which run on generators. Large versions, mounted on trailers, are said to produce up to 1,200 US gallons (4,500 l) of water per day, at a ratio of up to 5 gallons of water per gallon of fuel.[4] This technology was contracted for use by the US Army and the US Navy from Terralab and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[5]

A variation of this technology has been developed to be more environmentally friendly, primarily through the use of passive solar energy and gravity. Brine is streamed down the outside of towers, where it absorbs water from the air. The brine then enters a chamber and subjected to a partial vacuum and heated. The water vapor is collected and condensed, while the renewed brine is recirculated through the system. As the condensed water is removed from the system using gravity, it creates the vacuum which lowers the boiling point of the brine.[6]

Prototype systems combining adsorption, refrigeration and condensation are also being developed.[7][8]

In greenhouses

A special case is the water-generation in greenhouses because the air inside a greenhouse is much hotter and more humid than the outside. Particularly in climatic zones with water scarcity, a greenhouse can strongly enhance the conditions necessary for atmospheric water generation. Examples are the seawater greenhouse in Oman, and the proposed Integrated Biotectural System or IBTS-Greenhouse.

In fuel cell cars

A luxury hydrogen fuel cell car generates one litre of drinking quality water for every 8 miles ride which is of significance in desert conditions.[9]

In fiction

In the Dune series, Fremen on the desert world Arrakis collected water from the atmosphere on a massive scale by erecting wind traps that funneled dew-laden air into cool underground caverns.

In Star Wars, Luke Skywalker's family on Tatooine used atmospheric water generation on their moisture farm.

In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Inner Light", Captain Picard suggests building "atmospheric condensers" for a planet experiencing prolonged drought.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Environmental Assessment of Air to Water Machines. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18:1149-1157.
  2. ↑ Patents; Draw water from air, measure how much water you drink and be kind to the fish you catch. New York Times. July 2, 2001
  3. ↑ Latest Willie Nelson venture: Water from Air. Atlanta Journal Constitution.
  4. ↑ Water Extracted from the Air for Disaster Relief. National Public Radio; by Nell Greenfieldboyce; October 19, 2006
  5. ↑ Innovation Awards: Ahead of the Pack. Wall Street Journal. October 30, 2007.
  6. ↑ Drinking Water From Air Humidity. ScienceDaily (June 8, 2009)
  7. ↑ . Fraunhofer ( 2014 )
  8. ↑ Simon Fraser University (April 25, 2016)
  9. ↑ "2016 Toyota Mirai Fuel-Cell Sedan". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
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