Atka mackerel
| Atka mackerel | |
|---|---|
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| Atka mackerel caught near Homer, Alaska, USA | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Hexagrammidae |
| Genus: | Pleurogrammus |
| Species: | P. monopterygius |
| Binomial name | |
| Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas, 1810) | |
| Synonyms | |
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The Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) is a mackerel in the family Hexagrammidae. Atka mackerel are common to the northern Pacific ocean, and are one of only two members of the genus Pleurogrammus - the other being the Arabesque greenling (Pleurogrammus azonus). The Atka mackerel was named for Atka Island (Atx̂ax̂[1] in Aleut), the largest island of the Andreanof islands, a branch of the Aleutians.
Taxonomy
The Atka mackerel was originally described under the genus Labrax, but has since been moved to Pleurogrammus. Both names are attributed to Peter Simon Pallas, who published his description of the fish in 1810, roughly a year before his death.[2]
Atka mackerel were once considered to be synonymous with Arabesque greenlings.[3] The combined species would have been called the Okhotsk Atka mackerel, a name now used only for the greenling. The two fishes are, in reality, two distinct species.[4]
Description
Able to live up to 14 years,[5] the largest Atka mackerel recorded was 56.5 cm long;[5] the heaviest recorded weight was 2.0 kg.[6] Adults have five vertical, blackish bands on their bodies,[7] which are normally yellowish. Atka mackerel can be distinguished from other, similar species by the number of spines and rays that they have on their fins. They have 21 spines, and anywhere from 25-29 rays on their dorsal fins, and only one spine (but 24-26 rays) on their anal fins.[8]
Distribution and habitat
Found exclusively in the northern Pacific, Atka mackerel are known from Cape Navarin in the Bering sea, and from Stalemate and Bowers Bank in the Aleutian chain to Icy bay, Alaska.[8] They can also be rarely seen as far south as Redondo Beach, California.[8]
Atka mackerel can generally be found from the intertidal zone to depths up to 575 meters.[9]
Biology
Atka mackerel migrate from shelves to coastal waters to spawn which occurs (in the Aleutians) from July to September. Their eggs adhere to crevices in the rocks, and incubate for 40–45 days. Males guard the clutches of eggs until they hatch. Atka mackerel feed on copepods and euphausiids. They are, in turn, preyed upon by several species, such as the coho salmon and the Steller sea lion.[8]
Fisheries
Atka mackerel are used as food in the Aleutian chain, and can be caught as game fish. American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan wrote about fishing for Atka mackerel on May 28, 1892 in American Food and Game Fishes:
The fish were in schools and it was easy to get great numbers; in fact, one would be kept very busy hauling in the fish and taking them off the hook... When first hooked they would come up very readily, in fact they seemed to swim upward until near the surface when they would become alarmed and dart back and forth in their efforts to free themselves. The sport was very exciting. During 4 hours fishing 9 persons with 26 lines took 585 fish... And as our ship was out of fresh meat of every kind, all these fish were soon eaten by the officers and crew.[10]
References
- ↑ Bergsland, K. (1994). Aleut Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
- ↑
- Mearns, Barbara and Richard - Biographies for Birdwatchers
- ↑ Nelson, J.S., 1994. Fishes of the World. Wiley, New York.
- ↑ Crow, Karen D., Ziyusei Kanamoto, and Giacomo Bernardi. "Molecular phylogeny of the hexagrammid fishes using a multi-locus approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (2004) 986–997
- 1 2 Fadeev, N.S. 2005 Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok, TINRO-Center. 366 p.
- ↑ Zolotov, O.G. 2003 Atka mackerel. P. 44-46 in Condition of biological resources of the North-West Pacific. Siniakov, S.A., N.I. Naumenko, Yu.P. Diakov, O.G. Zolotov, and B.B. Vronsky (Eds.). Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, KamchatNIRO.
- ↑ Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text)
- 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2009). "Pleurogrammus monopterygius" in FishBase. 09 2009 version.
- ↑ Allen, M.J. and G.B. Smith 1988 Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p.
- ↑ Jordan, David. Barton Evermann. American Food and Game Fishes. New York. Doubleday, Page & Company. 1923. pg. 500
