Anti-Pakistan sentiment

Anti-Pakistan sentiment or Pakistan-phobia also known as Pakophobia[1][2][3][4] is the fear or hatred of the Pakistani people and nation, ranging from criticism of public policies to an irrational fixation. The opposite of anti-Pakistan sentiment is pro-Pakistan sentiment.

India

Results of 2014 BBC World Service poll.
Views of Pakistan's influence by country[5]
Sorted by Pos-Neg
Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg
 United States
5%
85%
 10 -80
 Germany
5%
80%
 15 -75
 Canada
10%
79%
 11 -69
 Brazil
7%
75%
 18 -68
 France
10%
77%
 13 -67
 Israel
2%
68%
 30 -66
 Spain
5%
71%
 24 -66
 Australia
14%
77%
 9 -63
 South Korea
12%
66%
 22 -58
 United Kingdom
18%
71%
 11 -53
 Russia
6%
53%
 41 -47
 Chile
13%
49%
 38 -36
 Japan
6%
41%
 53 -35
 Peru
12%
47%
 41 -35
 India
17%
49%
 34 -32
 Mexico
14%
44%
 42 -30
 Kenya
23%
45%
 32 -22
 China
21%
41%
 38 -20
 Turkey
25%
41%
 34 -16
 Ghana
34%
41%
 25 -7
 Nigeria
40%
46%
 14 -6
 Indonesia
40%
31%
 29 9
 Pakistan
44%
29%
 27 15

Ideological

The Indian state rejects the validity of the Two Nation Theory, the notion that Muslims needed an independent homeland in South Asia. Nationalists led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state.[6] Hindu nationalists in India support the idea of Akhand Bharat, 'undivided India', and consider the partition of India an illegitimate act. There have been many anti-Pakistan rallies involving the burning or desecration of Pakistani flags.[7][7][8][9][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Indian right-wing political parties frequently use anti-Pakistan sentiments to garner votes.[16]

Sikh nationalism

The slogan "Death to Pakistan" (Pakistan Murdabad) was raised by Sikh leader Master Tara Singh in March 1947, soon after the Unionist Party cabinet of Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana resigned in the Punjab, and immediately after it was announced that the Muslim League would take over the reins of provincial government.[17][18][19] The resignation of the Khizar Tiwana government, composed of Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, followed the unrest caused by the call for the Direct Action Day by the Muslim League the previous year.[17][20]

According to historian Stanley Wolpert in A New History of India,[18] when the administration of Punjab was taken over by Muslim League, "Master Tara Singh, prominent Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century, called for direct action by his khalsa against the League at this time, igniting the powder keg of repressed violence that set the Punjab ablaze with his cry of "Pakistan Murdabad" ("Death to Pakistan"). Tara Singh and his followers were demanding a Sikh nation of their own, Sikhistan, and by demonstrating their willingness to die in defence of their homeland, they sought to prove the validity of their claim."[18] This slogan often was followed by religious fights and conflicts.[21][22][23]

Sports

In February 2011, the Shiv Sena stated that it would not allow Pakistan to play any 2011 Cricket World Cup matches in Mumbai.[24] Pakistan Hockey Federation also feared of sending the national hockey of Pakistan because of anti-Pakistani sentiment in India.[25] The state of Maharashtra, where Shiv Sena is prominent, has been deemed an unsafe venue for hosting visiting Pakistani teams.[26] Shiv Sena has periodically disrupted cricketing occasions involving the two countries. In 1999, it tampered the pitch at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground to stop a match between the two sides, while during the 2006 Champions Trophy it made threats against hosting Pakistan's matches in Jaipur and Mohali.[27] Post-2008, it has frequently threatened against the resumption of a bilateral Indo-Pakistani cricket series. In October 2015, Shiv Sena activists barged into the headquarters of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in Mumbai, chanting anti-Pakistan slogans and stopping a scheduled meeting between BCCI president Shashank Manohar and the Pakistan Cricket Board's Shahryar Khan and Najam Sethi.[27]

Media

Several major Bollywood films have depicted Pakistan in a hostile manner by portraying Pakistanis and the state as a hostile enemy.[28] Bollywood movies, however, have been highly popular in Pakistan and India's Bollywood movie star Shah Rukh Khan has advocated India-Pakistan reconciliation. Although Bollywood films were banned for 40 years prior to 2008 because Indian culture was officially viewed as being "vulgar", there had been an active black market during the period and little was done to disrupt it.[29]

In 2012, Raj Thackeray and his party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) told Indian singer Asha Bhosle not to co-judge in Sur Kshetra, a musical reality show aired on a local television channel that featured Pakistani artists alongside Indians. The MNS threatened to disrupt the shoot among other consequences if the channel went on to air the show. However, amid tight security in a hotel conference, Bhosle played down the threat, saying she only understood the language of music and did not understand politics.[30] In the past, Shiv Sena has disrupted concerts by Pakistani artists in India.[27] In October 2015, Shiv Sena activists assaulted Indian journalist Sudheendra Kulkarni and blackened his face with ink; Kulkarni was due to host a launch event for former Pakistani foreign affairs minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri's book in Mumbai.[27]

According to one Indian minister, Kiren Rijiju, much of the obsession with Pakistan is limited to North India due to historical and cultural reasons.[31]

Recently after following Uri attack tensions rose between India and Pakistan and Anti-Pakistan sentiments became target on Indian media as Indian Motion Picture Producers’ Association voted to ban Pakistani artist working in Bollywood.[32]

Bangladesh

Further information: Bangladesh–Pakistan relations

The relationship between Bangladesh and Pakistan is affected by past history. Due to political, economic, linguistic and ethnic discrimination by the Pakistani state before independence in 1971, and the atrocities against the Bengalis committed by the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, some people in Bangladesh abhor everything from Pakistan.[33] The Government of Bangladesh demands a formal apology for those atrocities from the Pakistani head of state, as well as putting on trial former military and political leaders who had played a role in the army action in then East Pakistan. Pakistan has continued to ignore this demand.[34]

In 2012, Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) abandon a planned cricket tour in Pakistan indefinitely amid fears over players' safety, following protests by Bangladeshis and a Facebook campaign against the visit.[35]

In response to Pakistan's National Assembly adopting a resolution to condemn Abdul Quader Mollah execution, protests were held outside the Pakistan High Commission.[36]

A 2014 PEW opinion poll found that 50% of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan.[37]

Afghanistan

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations have been negatively affected by issues related to the Durand Line, the 1978–present war (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, Taliban insurgency and border skirmishes), including water and the growing influence of India in Afghanistan.[38][39] Most major attacks in Afghanistan are blamed on neighboring Pakistan and Iran. This makes anti-Pakistan sentiment run high in the country, particularly among the Afghan politicians.[40] In response to Afghan support for Baloch insurgents, since the 1970s onwards, Pakistan supported rebels such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud,[41] Haqqanis, Taliban,[42] and others against the governments of Afghanistan.

In the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Taliban movement led to strong anti-Pakistan sentiments in Afghanistan. According to Pakistan and Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" keeping the Taliban regime in power.[43] The role of the Pakistani military during that time has been described by international observers as a "creeping invasion" of Afghanistan.[43] UN documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in Taliban massacre campaigns.[44]

In the course of the Taliban insurgency anti-Pakistan sentiment was again fuelled after a spate of suicide bombings by the Taliban, which in 2011 and 2012 caused 80% of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and which the Afghan government and many international officials claim is supported by Pakistan.[45][46] Demonstrations in Afghanistan have denounced Pakistan politically for its alleged role in Taliban attacks.[47] Afghan leaders such as Amrullah Saleh or Ahmad Wali Massoud (a younger brother of Ahmad Shah Massoud) have said, that their criticism is directed at the politics of the Pakistani military and not at Pakistan as a country. Both reiterated the distinction by saying that the Pakistani people had been very generous in providing shelter to Afghan refugees but that it was the policy of the Pakistani military which had caused so much suffering to the Afghan people.[48]

Anti-Pakistan sentiment has increased in Afghanistan after hundreds of suicide bombings and assassinations.[45]

Arab world

In certain Gulf Arab countries, some Arabs have behaved in a somewhat discriminatory and violent manner toward South Asians like Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Afghans. Arab youth have also occasionally engaged in violent attacks on South Asian workers.[49]

France

Further information: France–Pakistan relations

After the July 2005 bombings in London, there were waves of "Pakistanophobia" in France. A Pakistani community leader said a "right-wing newspaper, for instance, launched a ferocious campaign against Pakistanis in France and placed them in one basket, calling them a "cause for concern."[50]

Israel

Further information: Israel–Pakistan relations

There has been some anti-Pakistani sentiment in Israel. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, Israel played a major role in convincing the United States not to send weapons to Pakistan, indirectly leading it to impose an embargo on Pakistan.[51][52] The anniversary of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 is regularly marked in Israel with tributes paid to the Indian Armed Forces.[53]

In 1999, Israeli military personnel helped India develop better planned operations against Pakistan. In an interview with a Russian daily, Israel's Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman described Pakistan as an "evil empire", repeating U.S. President Ronald Reagan's choice reference for the Soviet Union.[54] Israeli journalists have also criticized Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.[55]

United Kingdom

As of 2005, the United Kingdom had the largest overseas Pakistani community, who are known as British Pakistanis.[56] There have been periodic ethnic tensions faced by the Pakistani community. The first recorded use of the term "Paki" in a derogatory way was in the United Kingdom. However, the term has also been used for non-Pakistani South Asians. The word is being reclaimed by younger British Pakistanis, who use it themselves although this remains controversial.[57]

British Pakistanis were eight times more likely to be victims of a racist attack than white people in 1996.[58] The chances of a Pakistani being racially attacked in a year is more than 4 per cent – the highest rate in the country, along with British Bangladeshis – though this has come down from 8 per cent a year in 1996.[59] According to a 2016 YouGov survey, around 20% of British respondents were against admitting migrants from Pakistan and four other countries.[60]

United States

Public opinion polling shows that the United States has the most anti-Pakistan sentiment of any country with 85% expressing a negative view in a 2014 BBC poll.[5]

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, Pakistani-Americans have been targeted more often in hate crime attacks. Pakistani Americans are subjected to greater scrutiny in airport security checks. Up to 45,000 of the estimated 100,000-strong Pakistani community in New York were deported or left voluntarily following the attacks.[61]

In 2006, Hasan, a Princeton University graduate, was arrested by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials who allegedly tortured him, accusing him of having ties to Al Qaeda before deporting him to Pakistan. In 2009, his wife formally requested the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad review his case in 2009.[62]

Pakistani reactions

Pakistani cable operators have accused foreign news organisations of airing "anti-Pakistan" material, according to the BBC. In November 2011 that organisation was itself blocked from view in Pakistan after it broadcast a documentary called Secret Pakistan in which Pakistan's connections to the Taliban were explored. The BBC noted that while it was officially the action of broadcast operators in the country, "the Pakistani government is likely to have put pressure on [them] to impose the ban". The government denied this, saying that it was committed to "freedom of press and media".[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Praveen Kumar (2011). Communal Crimes and National Integration: A Socio-Legal Study. Readworthy Publications. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-93-5018-040-2. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  2. ↑ Kalim Siddiqui (1975). The functions of international conflict: a socio-economic study of Pakistan. Royal Book Co. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  3. ↑ Yaacov Vertzberger (1984). Misperceptions in foreign policymaking: the Sino-Indian conflict, 1959–1962. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-970-7. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  4. ↑ K. K. Kaul (1952–1966). U.S.A. and the Hindustan Peninsula. Google Books. even though it was easy to fan Pakophobia under the circumstances.43 The Prime Minister of Pakistan, on the other hand, asserted that Nehru was not afraid of aggression from Pakistan, but was protesting against US aid for fear of..
  5. 1 2 "2014 BBC World Service poll" (PDF).
  6. ↑ Hardgrave, Robert. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity", Journal of Democracy, pp. 54–65
  7. 1 2 Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2
  8. ↑ Alison Blunt, Domicile and Diaspora, page 29, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-9918-9
  9. 1 2 Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0
  10. ↑ Jyotirmaya Sharma, "Ideological heresy?, The Hindu, 19 June 2005
  11. ↑ Radhika Ramaseshan, "Advani fires Atal weapon", The Telegraph, 16 June 2005
  12. ↑ Ashish Vashi, "Anti-Sardar Patel book sold from RSS HQ in Gujarat", The Times of India, 27 August 2009
  13. ↑ Manini Chatterjee, "Only by Akhand Bharat", The Indian Express, 1 February 2007
  14. ↑ Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", Feminist Review, issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4
  15. ↑ "VHP, RSS activists set Pak flag on fire, BJP says don't approve". The Indian Express. 20 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "If BJP loses Bihar polls, crackers will burst in Pakistan: Amit Shah". The Express Tribune. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  17. 1 2 Vohra, Ranbir (2001), The Making of India: A Historical Survey, M.E. Sharpe, pp. 177–, ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9, retrieved 19 July 2012
  18. 1 2 3 Wolpert, Stanley A. (2004), A new history of India, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 347, ISBN 978-0-19-516677-4, retrieved 21 July 2012
  19. ↑ Moon, Penderel (1962), Divide and Quit, University of California Press, p. 77, GGKEY:4N8AYYFTYFJ, retrieved 23 July 2012
  20. ↑ Singh, Anita Inder (2002), "The Origins of the Partition of India 1936–1947", in Mushrul Hasan, The Partition Omnibus, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 218, ISBN 978-0-19-565850-7, retrieved 19 July 2012 Quote: The attitude of the provincial Congress and Sikh leaders was provocative and hysterical. But it was explicable because the League's attitude during its agitation against the Khizar coalition was one of arrogance towards the minorities and it had never given them any indication of what Pakistan meant or what it might offer them in return for support. The League, as Jenkins pointed out, had also set a foreboding precedent by overthrowing a popular ministry by force, and, after the announcement of 20 February, had made every suggestion that it would capture the Punjab by any means. On 4 March Hindu and Sikh students took out a procession through the main part of Lahore shouting "Pakistan Murdabad", "Jinnah Murdabad" and according to Dawn "Allaho-Akbar Murdabad". Rioting broke out in Lahore and Multan, and Khizar resigned as caretaker Prime Minister, chiefly because his ministry could not control the situation.
  21. ↑ Rajendra Kumar Mishra (2012). Babri Mosque: A Clash of Civilizations. Dorrance Publishing,. p. 103. ISBN 1434967425.
  22. ↑ Nagappan, Ramu (2005). Speaking havoc social suffering and South Asian narratives. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 91. ISBN 0295801719.
  23. ↑ Allen, Richard (2000). Literature & nation : Britain and India : 1800–1990 (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge [u.a.] p. 355. ISBN 0415212073.
  24. ↑ "Sena leader announces veiled threat on World Cup final involving Pakistan". The Hindu. Mumbai, India. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  25. ↑ "'Anti-Pakistan' sentiment in India, a cause for concern: PHF". UMMID. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  26. ↑ "Shiv Sena scare: BCCI to keep Pakistan out of Maharashtra in 2016 World T20". The Express Tribune. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "BCCI-PCB talks hit by anti-Pakistan protest". Cricinfo. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Hasan, Khalid (3 April 2004). "Indian film festival to screen anti-Pakistan films". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2005. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  29. ↑ How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood. Foreign Policy (15 March 2010). Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  30. ↑ "Asha Bhosle downplays MNS threat against co-judging show with Pakistanis". The Express Tribune. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  31. ↑ "Kiren Rijiju: Pakistan obsession is a north Indian thing". The Times of India.
  32. ↑ Bollywood Becomes India and Pakistan’s Latest Battleground http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/world/asia/bollywood-becomes-india-and-pakistans-latest-battleground.html?_r=0
  33. ↑
  34. ↑ "BD seeks Pak apology for 1971 war crimes". The News International, Pakistan. 9 November 2012.
  35. ↑ "Security concerns force Bangladesh to shelf Pakistan tour". Mid-day.com. 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  36. ↑ "Bangladeshi protesters burn Pakistan flag, Imran Khan's effigies". The News International, Pakistan. 18 December 2013.
  37. ↑ Street, 1615 L.; NW; Washington, Suite 800; Inquiries, DC 20036 202 419 4300 | Main 202 419 4349 | Fax 202 419 4372 | Media. "Chapter 4: How Asians View Each Other". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
  38. ↑ "What does Pakistan want in Afghanistan?". The Express Tribune.
  39. ↑ "What Iran and Pakistan Want from the Afghans: Water". Time. 2 December 2012.
  40. ↑ "Iran, Pakistan out to weaken Afghanistan, MPs told". pajhwok.com.
  41. ↑ "Ahmad Shah Masoud". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Masoud, an ethnic Tajik, studied engineering before the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and then moved to Pakistan for military training.
  42. ↑ Craggs, Ryan (1 February 2012). "Taliban Will Control Afghanistan With Support From Pakistan, Says Leaked Report". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  43. 1 2 Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-230-21313-5.
  44. ↑ Gargan, Edward A (October 2001). "Taliban massacres outlined for UN". Chicago Tribune. Newsday.
  45. 1 2 Gall, Carlotta (15 February 2006). "Afghan Suicide Bombings, Tied to Taliban, Point to Pakistan". The New York Times.
  46. ↑ Joscelyn, Thomas (22 September 2011). "Admiral Mullen: Pakistani ISI sponsoring Haqqani attacks". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2011. During a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today, Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, highlighted the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence Agency's role in sponsoring the Haqqani Network – including attacks on American forces in Afghanistan. "The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity," Mullen said in his written testimony. "Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers." Mullen continued: "For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government and is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency—is responsible for the September 13th attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Kabul."
  47. ↑ King, Laura (23 September 2011). "Protests break out at Afghanistan peace negotiator's funeral". Los Angeles Times. Angry protests against Afghan President Hamid Karzai erupted Friday at the burial of his government's chief peace negotiator, who was killed this week by a suicide bomber posing as a Taliban envoy. The daylong funeral observances for Burhanuddin Rabbani, a former president, brought Afghanistan's capital to a near-standstill, with some of the heaviest security in recent memory. Police and soldiers in armored vehicles patrolled the streets, checkpoints dotted major boulevards and traffic circles, and a large part of central Kabul was blocked to all but foot traffic. Helicopters buzzed overhead. ... Mourners also shouted slogans denouncing Pakistan, which is seen as fomenting insurgent violence ...
  48. ↑ Amrullah Saleh on the BBC's Hardtalk. BBC. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  49. ↑ Abdullah Al-Mutairi. "Why Is There So Much Hate Inside Us?". Al-Watan. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  50. ↑ 'Pakistanophobia' Grips France, Fox News Channel
  51. ↑ Indian foreign policy: challenges and opportunities by Atish Sinha, Madhup Mohta, Academic Foundation, 2007, p 332.
  52. ↑ "BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistan and Israel - new friends?".
  53. ↑ "The Jewish General Who Beat Pakistan". Haaretz.com.
  54. ↑ Pakistan is an evil empire and threat to Israel: Israeli FM, Dawn newspaper, 22 Apr, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Pakistan Is the Only Muslim Nuclear-armed State. Why Is Israel's Hysteria Reserved for Iran? - Opinion - Haaretz - Israel News Haaretz.com". Haaretz.com.
  56. ↑ Werbner, Pnina (2005). "Pakistani migration and diaspora religious politics in a global age". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian. Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. New York: Springer. p. 475. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
  57. ↑ Rajni Bhatia (11 June 2007). "After the N-word, the P-word". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Its first recorded use was in 1964, when hostility in Britain to immigration from its former colonies in the Asian sub-continent, was beginning to find a voice.
  58. ↑ Ian Burrell (8 February 1999). "Most race attack victims 'are white'". The Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  59. ↑ "Pakistanis are eight times more likely to be victim of a racist attack than whites – Home News, UK". The Independent. London. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  60. ↑ "20% of British public against admitting single Pakistani migrant: survey". The Express Tribune. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  61. ↑ Jonathan H. X. Lee and Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 958.
  62. ↑ "American Rose fights for Pakistani husband". Dawn. September 17, 2009.
  63. ↑ BBC News – Pakistan blocks BBC World News TV channel. BBC.co.uk (30 November 2011). Retrieved 31 December 2011.
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