94th United States Congress
| 94th United States Congress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Ninety-fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1975 to January 3, 1977, during the administration of U.S. President Gerald Ford.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Major events
President Gerald Ford with Vice President Nelson Rockefeller and House Speaker Carl Albert during the 1975 State of the Union Address, January 15, 1975
- January 15, 1975: 1975 State of the Union Address
- April 30, 1975: Fall of Saigon
- June 10, 1975: The Rockefeller Commission issued its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.
- September 5, 1975: Failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Lynette Fromme
- September 22, 1975: Failed assassination attempt against President Ford by Sara Jane Moore
- July 4, 1976: United States Bicentennial
- November 2, 1976:
- United States House of Representatives elections, 1976 and United States Senate elections, 1976: Democrats retain congress
- United States presidential election, 1976: Jimmy Carter (D) elected President
- December 12, 1976: Congressional Hispanic Caucus formed
Special or select committees
- Church Committee (Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities): July 27, 1975 – May 19, 1976; Replaced by Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
- Joint Committee on Arrangements for the Bicentennial: September 5, 1975 - October 1, 1976
Major legislation
- November 29, 1975: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Pub.L. 94–142, 89 Stat. 773
- December 23, 1975: Metric Conversion Act, Pub.L. 94–168
- December 23, 1975: Revenue Adjustment Act (Earned Income Tax Credit), Pub.L. 94–164, 89 Stat. 970
- February 5, 1976: Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, Pub.L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31
- September 13, 1976: Government in the Sunshine Act, Pub.L. 94–409, 90 Stat. 1241
- September 30, 1976: Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, Pub.L. 94–435, 90 Stat. 1383
- October 11, 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act, Pub.L. 94–469, 90 Stat. 2003
- October 12, 1976: Overhaul of vocational education programs Pub.L. 94–482, 90 Stat. 2169
- October 19, 1976: Copyright Act of 1976, Pub.L. 94–553, 90 Stat. 2541
- October 21, 1976: Federal Land Policy and Management Act, Pub.L. 94–579, 90 Stat. 2744
- October 21, 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. 94–580, 90 Stat. 2795
- October 22, 1976: National Forest Management Act, Pub.L. 94–588, 90 Stat. 2949
Party summary
Senate
Party standings on the opening day of the 94th Congress
Vacant: 1 seat
Membership changed with two resignations and a disputed election.
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Independent | Conservative | Republican | Vacant | ||
| End of previous Congress | 57 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 60 | 1 | 1 | 37 | 99 | 1 |
| End | 61 | 100 | 0 | |||
| Final voting share | 62% | 38% | ||||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 61 | 1 | 0 | 38 | 100 | 0 |
House of Representatives
- Democratic: 291 (majority)
- Republican: 144
Total: 435
Leadership
Makeup of the U.S. Senate at the start of the 94th Congress, color-coded by party. Note: The orange stripes in New York and the gray stripes in Virginia denote Conservative Sen. James L. Buckley and Independent Sen. Harry F. Byrd, Jr., respectively.
Senate
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Carl Albert (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
Caucuses
Members
Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress.
| House seats by party holding plurality in state | |
|---|---|
| 80+% – 100% Republican |
80+% – 100% Democratic |
| 60+% – 80% Republican |
60+% – 80% Democratic |
| < 60% Republican |
< 60% Democratic |
House of Representatives
Many of the congressional districts are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.
Contents
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Non-voting members
Changes in Membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- Replacements: 8
- Democratic: no net change
- Republican: 1 seat net gain
- Deaths: 1
- Resignations: 6
- Vacancy: 0
Total seats with changes: 8
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Hampshire (3) |
Vacant | Disputed election. Norris Cotton appointed to seat until special election resolved dispute. | Norris Cotton (R) |
August 8, 1975 |
| New Hampshire (3) |
Norris Cotton (R) |
Successor elected September 18, 1975 | John A. Durkin (D) |
September 18, 1975 |
| Michigan (1) |
Philip Hart (D) |
Died December 26, 1976 | Donald W. Riegle, Jr. (D) |
December 27, 1976 |
| Missouri (1) |
Stuart Symington (D) |
Resigned December 27, 1976 | John Danforth (R) |
December 27, 1976 |
| Nebraska (1) |
Roman Hruska (R) |
Resigned December 27, 1976 | Edward Zorinsky (D) |
December 28, 1976 |
| Ohio (1) |
Robert Taft, Jr. (R) |
Resigned December 28, 1976 | Howard Metzenbaum (D) |
December 29, 1976 |
| Rhode Island (1) |
John O. Pastore (D) |
Resigned December 28, 1976 | John Chafee (R) |
December 29, 1976 |
| Minnesota (2) |
Walter Mondale (DFL) |
Resigned December 30, 1976 after being elected Vice-President of the United States. | Wendell Anderson (DFL) |
December 30, 1976 |
| California (1) |
John V. Tunney (D) |
Resigned January 1, 1977 | S. I. Hayakawa (R) |
January 2, 1977 |
House of Representatives
- replacements: 3
- Democratic: 3 seat net loss
- Republican: 2 seat net gain
- deaths: 2
- resignations: 2
- contested election:
- Total seats with changes: 4
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oklahoma 5th | John Jarman (D) | Changed parties | John Jarman (R) | January 23, 1975 |
| Illinois 5th | John C. Kluczynski (D) | Died January 26, 1975 | John G. Fary (D) | July 8, 1975 |
| California 37th | Jerry Pettis (R) | Died February 14, 1975 | Shirley N. Pettis (R) | April 29, 1975 |
| Tennessee 5th | Richard Fulton (D) | Resigned August 14, 1975 after being elected Mayor of Nashville | Clifford Allen (D) | November 25, 1975 |
| New York 39th | James F. Hastings (R) | Resigned January 20, 1976 | Stan Lundine (D) | March 2, 1976 |
| Texas 22nd | Robert R. Casey (D) | Resigned January 22, 1976 after being appointed a commissioner on the Federal Maritime Commission | Ron Paul (R) | April 3, 1976 |
| Texas 1st | Wright Patman (D) | Died March 7, 1976 | Sam B. Hall (D) | June 19, 1976 |
| Pennsylvania 1st | William A. Barrett (D) | Died April 12, 1976 | Ozzie Myers (D) | November 2, 1976 |
| Massachusetts 7th | Torbert Macdonald (D) | Died May 21, 1976 | Ed Markey (D) | November 2, 1976 |
| Missouri 6th | Jerry Litton (D) | Died August 3, 1976 | Tom Coleman (R) | November 2, 1976 |
| Ohio 18th | Wayne Hays (D) | Resigned September 1, 1976 due to the Elizabeth Ray sex scandal | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Michigan 7th | Donald W. Riegle, Jr. (D) | Resigned December 30, 1976 after being appointed to the US Senate | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Aging (Special)
- Aeronautical and Space Sciences
- Aerospace Technology and National Needs (Ad Hoc)
- the Upper Atmosphere (Ad Hoc)
- Agriculture and Forestry
- Environment, Soil Conservation and Forestry
- Agricultural Credit and Rural Electrification
- Agricultural Production, Marketing and Stabilization of Prices
- Rural Development
- Foreign Agricultural Policy
- Appropriations
- Agriculture and Related Agencies
- Defense
- District of Columbia
- Foreign Operations
- HUD-Independent Agencies
- Interior
- Labor, Health, Education and Welfare
- Legislative
- Military Construction
- Public Works
- State, Justice, Commerce and the Judiciary
- Transportation
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government
- Armed Services
- Intelligence
- Preparedness Investigating
- National Stockfile and Naval Petroleum Reserves
- Military Construction Authorization
- Arms Control
- Tactical Air Power
- Research and Development
- General Legislation
- Manpower and Personnel
- Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
- Oversight
- Housing and Urban Affairs
- Financial Institutions
- Securities
- International Finance
- Production and Stabilization
- Consumer Affairs
- Small Business
- Budget
- Commerce
- Aviation
- Communications
- Consumer
- Environment
- Foreign Commerce and Tourism
- Merchant Marine
- Oceans and Atmosphere
- Surface Transportation
- National Ocean Policy Study
- Science, Technology and Commerce
- Oil and Natural Gas Production and Distribution
- To Study Textile Industry
- the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway
- Freight Car Shortage
- District of Columbia
- Finance
- Health
- Foundations
- International Trade
- International Finance and Resources
- Private Pension Plans
- Social Security Financing
- Energy
- Financial Markets
- Revenue Markets
- Administration of the Internal Revenue Code
- Supplemental Security Income
- Foreign Relations
- European Affairs
- Far Eastern Affairs
- Multinational Corporations
- Arms Control and Security Agreements
- Oceans and International Environment
- Western Hemisphere Affairs
- Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
- Foreign Assistance and Economic Policy
- African Affairs
- Government Operations
- Investigations
- Intergovernmental Relations
- Reports, Accounting and Management
- Overnight Procedures
- Federal Spending Practices, Efficiency and Open Government
- Interior and Insular Affairs
- Energy Research and Water Resources
- Environment and Land Resources
- Indian Affairs
- Minerals, Materials and Fuels
- Parks and Recreation
- Legislative Oversight
- Integrated Oil Operations (Special)
- Judiciary
- Administrative Practice and Procedure
- Antitrust and Monopoly
- Constitutional Amendments
- Constitutional Rights
- Criminal Laws and Procedures
- FBI Oversight
- Federal Charters, Holidays and Celebrations
- Immigration and Naturalization
- Improvements in Judicial Machinery
- Internal Security
- Juvenile Delinquency
- Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights
- Penitentiaries
- Rufugees and Escapees
- Revision of Codification
- Separation of Powers
- Labor and Public Welfare
- Labor
- The Handicapped
- Education
- Health
- Employment, Poverty and Migratory Lands
- Children and Youth
- Aging
- Alcoholism and Narcotics
- Arts and Humanities
- National Science Foundation
- Human Resources
- Nutrition and Human Needs (Select)
- Post Office and Civil Service
- Ex-Officio Members of Postal Appropriations
- Civil Service Policies and Practices
- Compensation and Employment Benefits
- Postal Operations
- Census and Statistics
- National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers (Special)
- Public Works
- Environmental Pollution
- Panel on Environmental Science and Technology
- Economic Development
- Water Resources
- Transportation
- Disaster Relief
- Buildings and Grounds
- Rules and Administration
- Standing Rules of the Senate
- Privileges and Elections
- Printing
- Library
- Smithsonian Institution
- Restaurant
- Computer Services
- Intelligence Activities (Select)
- Senate Committee System (Special)
- Small Business (Select)
- Standards and Conduct (Select)
- To Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities (Select)
- Termination of the National Emergency (Special)
- Veterans' Affairs
- Compensation and Pensions
- Health and Hospitals
- Housing and Insurance
- Readjustment, Education and Employment
- Cemeteries and Burial Benefits
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Aging (Select)
- Agriculture
- Livestock and Grains
- Tobacco
- Cotton
- Dairy and Poultry
- Family Farms and Rural Development
- Appropriations
- Agriculture and Related Agencies
- Defense
- District of Columbia
- Foreign Operations
- HUD-Independent Agencies
- Interior
- Labor-Health, Education and Welfare
- Legislative
- Military Construction
- Public Works
- State, Justice, Commerce and Judiciary
- Transportation
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government
- Armed Services
- Research and Development
- Seapower, Strategic and Critical Materials
- Military Compensation
- Military Installations and Facilities
- Military Personnel
- Investigations
- Intelligence
- Banking and Currency
- Domestic Monetary Policy
- Housing and Community and Development
- Economic Stabilization
- Consumer Affairs
- International Development Institutions and Finance
- Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation and Insurance
- International Trade, Investment and Monetary Policy
- General Oversight and Renegotiation
- Historic Preservation and Coinage
- Budget
- Crime (Select)
- District of Columbia
- Commerce, Housing and Transportation
- Education, Labor and Social Services
- Government Operations
- Judiciary
- Fiscal Affairs
- The Bicentennial, The Environment and the International Community
- Education and Labor
- Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education
- Labor-Management Relations
- Labor Standards
- Manpower, Compensation, Health and Safety
- Select Education
- Postsecondary Education
- Equal Opportunities
- Agricultural Labor
- Government Operations
- Legislation and National Security
- Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources
- Conservation, Energy and Natural Resources
- Government Activities and Transportation
- Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs
- Manpower and Housing
- Government Information and Individual Rights
- House Administration
- Accounts
- Elections
- Library and Memorials
- Printing
- Electrical and Mechanical Office Equipment
- Personnel and Police
- Contracts
- Parking
- Paper Conservation
- Computer (Ad Hoc)
- Restaurant (Ad Hoc)
- House Beauty Shop (Select)
- Intelligence (Select)
- Insular Affairs
- National Parks and Recreation
- Water and Power Resources
- Energy and the Environment
- Territorial and Insular Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Indian Affairs
- Public Lands
- International Relations
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce
- Communications
- Oversight and Investigations
- Energy and Power
- Health and the Environment
- Consumer Protection and Finance
- Transportation and Commerce
- Judiciary
- United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration-->
- Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice
- Monopolies and Commercial Law
- Administrative Law and Governmental Relations
- Civil and Constitutional Rights
- Crime
- Criminal Justice
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries
- Merchant Marine
- Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment
- Coast Guard and Navigation
- Oceangraphy
- Panama Canal
- Missing Persons in Southeast Asia (Select)
- Modernization of House Gallery Facilities (Special)
- Outer Continental Shelf (Ad Hoc/Select)
- Post Office and Civil Service
- Manpower and Civil Service
- Postal Service
- Postal Facilities, Mail and Labor Management
- Retirement and Employee Benefits
- Employee Political Rights and Intergovernmental Programs
- Census and Population
- Public Works and Transportation
- Aviation
- Economic Development
- Investigations and Review
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Surface Transportation
- Water Resources
- Regulate Parking (Select)
- Rules
- Science and Technology
- Energy Research, Development and Demonstration (Fossil Fuels)
- Space Science and Applications
- Science, Research and Technology
- Domestic and International Scientific Planning and Analysis
- Energy Research, Development and Demonstration
- Environment and the Atmosphere
- Aviation and Transportation R&D
- Small Business
- Energy and Environment
- Government Procurement and International Trade
- Activities of Regulatory Agencies
- SBA and SBIC Legislation
- SBA Oversight and Minority Enterprise
- Commodities and Services
- Antitrust, the Robinson-Patman Act and Related Matters (Ad Hoc)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Veterans' Affairs
- Compensation, Pension and Insurance
- Education and Training
- Hospitals
- Housing
- Cemeteries and Burial Benefits
- Ways and Means
- Social Security
- Health
- Unemployment Compensation
- Trade
- Public Assistance
- Oversight
- Whole
Joint committees
- Arrangements for the Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the United States of America
- Atomic Energy
- Congressional Operations
- Defense Productions
- Economic
- Internal Revenue Taxation
- Library
- Printing
Employees and legislative agency directors
Legislative branch agency directors
- Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
- Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Freeman H. Cary
- Comptroller General of the United States: Elmer B. Staats
- Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Alice M. Rivlin (starting February 24)
- Librarian of Congress: Daniel J. Boorstin (starting November 12)
- Public Printer of the United States: Thomas F. McCormick
Senate
- Chaplain: Edward L.R. Elson
- Historian: Richard A. Baker
- Parliamentarian: Murray Zweben
- Secretary: Francis R. Valeo
- Secretary for the Majority: J. Stanley Kimmitt
- Secretary for the Minority: W. F. Hindenbrand
- Sergeant at Arms: William H. Wannall
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Edward G. Latch (Methodist)
- Clerk: W. Pat Jennings
- Parliamentarian: William H. Brown
- Sergeant at Arms: Kenneth R. Harding
See also
- United States elections, 1974 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1976 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
- Watergate Babies
References
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- Public Laws of the 94th Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
- House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 94th Congress (PDF).
- Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 94th Congress.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 94th Congress, 1st Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 94th Congress, 2nd Session.
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