45th New Zealand Parliament
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The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 elections, and it sat until the 1999 elections.
The 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. It was also notable for the fact that it was the first New Zealand Parliament to have an Asian person, Pansy Wong, elected to it. The difference between the 45th Parliament and its predecessor were considerable — the 44th Parliament had opened with only four seats being held by minor parties, but at the opening of the 45th Parliament, minor parties held thirty-nine seats. Because of the considerably altered balance of power in Parliament, neither of the two major parties could govern alone, and New Zealand First, the largest of the four other parties in Parliament, was put in the position of "kingmaker". In the end, New Zealand First opted for a coalition with the National Party, which had governed in the previous Parliament. The Labour Party continued in Opposition.
The 45th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives. Sixty-five of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including five special Maori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system.
Electoral boundaries for the 45th Parliament
Initial composition of the 45th Parliament
| Name | Party | Electorate | Term |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anae, Arthur | National | - | First |
| Anderton, Jim | Alliance | Wigram | Fifth |
| Awatere Huata, Donna | ACT | - | First |
| Banks, John | National | Whangarei | Sixth |
| Barker, Rick | Labour | Tukutuki | Second |
| Barnett, Tim | Labour | Christchurch Central | First |
| Batten, Ann | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Birch, Bill | National | Port Waikato | Ninth |
| Bloxham, Jenny | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Bolger, Jim | National | Taranaki-King Country | Ninth |
| Bradford, Max | National | Rotorua | Third |
| Braybrooke, Geoff | Labour | Napier | Sixth |
| Brown, Peter | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Brownlee, Gerry | National | Ilam | First |
| Bunkle, Phillida | Alliance | - | First |
| Burton, Mark | Labour | Taupo | Second |
| Carter, David | National | Banks Peninsula | Second |
| Carter, John | National | Northland | Fourth |
| Clark, Helen | Labour | Owairaka | Sixth |
| Corkery, Pam | Alliance | - | First |
| Creech, Wyatt | National | Wairarapa | Fourth |
| Cullen, Michael | Labour | Dunedin South | Sixth |
| Dalziel, Lianne | Labour | - | Third |
| Delamere, Tuariki | New Zealand First | Te Tai Rawhiti | First |
| Donald, Rod | Alliance | - | First |
| Donnelly, Brian | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Dunne, Peter | United | Ohariu-Belmont | Fifth |
| Duynhoven, Harry | Labour | New Plymouth | Third |
| Dyson, Ruth | Labour | - | Second |
| East, Paul | National | - | Seventh |
| Elder, Jack | New Zealand First | - | Fifth |
| English, Bill | National | Clutha-Southland | Third |
| Field, Taito Phillip | Labour | Mangere | Second |
| Fitzsimons, Jeanette | Alliance | - | First |
| Fletcher, Christine | National | Epsom | Third |
| Gerard, Jim | National | - | Fifth |
| Gillon, Grant | Alliance | - | First |
| Goff, Phil | Labour | New Lynn | Sixth |
| Gordon, Liz | Alliance | - | First |
| Gosche, Mark | Labour | - | First |
| Graham, Doug | National | - | Fifth |
| Gresham, Peter | National | - | Third |
| Grover, Frank | Alliance | - | First |
| Harré, Laila | Alliance | - | First |
| Hasler, Marie | National | Waitakere | Second |
| Hawke, Joe | Labour | - | First |
| Hawkins, George | Labour | Manurewa | Third |
| Henare, Tau | New Zealand First | Te Tai Tokerau | Second |
| Herlihy, Gavan | National | Otago | First |
| Hide, Rodney | ACT | - | First |
| Hobbs, Marian | Labour | - | First |
| Hodgson, Pete | Labour | Dunedin North | Third |
| Hunt, Jonathan | Labour | - | Eleventh |
| Jennings, Owen | ACT | - | First |
| Keall, Judy | Labour | Otaki | Fourth |
| Kelly, Graham | Labour | Mana | Fourth |
| Kidd, Doug | National | Kaikoura | Seventh |
| King, Annette | Labour | Rongotai | Fifth |
| Kirton, Neil | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Kopu, Alamein | Alliance | - | First |
| Kyd, Warren | National | Hunua | Fourth |
| Lee-Vercoe, Sandra | Alliance | - | Second |
| Luxton, John | National | Karapiro | Fourth |
| Mackey, Janet | Labour | Mahia | Second |
| Maharey, Steve | Labour | Palmerston North | Third |
| Mahuta, Nanaia | Labour | - | First |
| Mallard, Trevor | Labour | Hutt South | Fifth |
| Mapp, Wayne | National | North Shore | First |
| Mark, Ron | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Marshall, Denis | National | Rangitikei | Fifth |
| Maxwell, Roger | National | - | Fifth |
| McCardle, Peter | New Zealand First | - | Third |
| McCully, Murray | National | Albany | Fourth |
| McDonald, Robyn | New Zealand First | - | First |
| McKinnon, Don | National | - | Seventh |
| McLauchlan, Joy | National | - | Third |
| McLean, Murray | National | Coromandel | First |
| Moore, Mike | Labour | Waimakariri | Eighth |
| Morgan, Tuku | New Zealand First | Te Tai Hauauru | First |
| Morris, Deborah | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Neeson, Brian | National | Waipareira | Third |
| Newman, Muriel | ACT | - | First |
| O'Connor, Damien | Labour | West Coast-Tasman | Second |
| O'Regan, Katherine | National | - | Fifth |
| Peck, Mark | Labour | Invercargill | Second |
| Peters, Winston | New Zealand First | Tauranga | Sixth |
| Pettis, Jill | Labour | Wanganui | Second |
| Prebble, Richard | ACT | Wellington Central | Seventh |
| Quigley, Derek | ACT | - | Fourth |
| Revell, Ian | National | Northcote | Third |
| Robertson, Ross | Labour | Manukau East | Fourth |
| Robson, Matt | Alliance | - | First |
| Roy, Eric | National | - | Second |
| Ryall, Tony | National | Bay of Plenty | Third |
| Samuels, Dover | Labour | - | First |
| Schnauer, Patricia | ACT | - | First |
| Shipley, Jenny | National | Rakaia | Fourth |
| Shirley, Ken | ACT | - | Third |
| Simcock, Bob | National | Hamilton West | First |
| Simich, Clem | National | Tamaki | Third |
| Smith, Lockwood | National | Rodney | Fifth |
| Smith, Nick | National | Nelson | Third |
| Sowry, Roger | National | - | Third |
| Steel, Tony | National | Hamilton East | Second |
| Sutherland, Larry | Labour | Christchurch East | Fourth |
| Sutton, Jim | Labour | Aoraki | Fourth |
| Swain, Paul | Labour | Rimutaka | Third |
| Te Heuheu, Georgina | National | - | First |
| Tizard, Judith | Labour | Auckland Central | Third |
| Turia, Tariana | Labour | - | First |
| Upton, Simon | National | - | Sixth |
| Vernon, Belinda | National | Maungakiekie | First |
| Waitai, Rana | New Zealand First | Te Puku O Te Whenua | First |
| White, Jill | Labour | - | Second |
| Williamson, Maurice | National | Pakuranga | Fourth |
| Wong, Pansy | National | - | First |
| Woolerton, Doug | New Zealand First | - | First |
| Wright, John | Alliance | - | First |
| Wyllie, Tu | New Zealand First | Te Tai Tonga | First |
| Yates, Dianne | Labour | - | Second |
By-elections during 45th Parliament
There was one by-election held during the term of the 45th Parliament.
| Electorate and by-election | Date | Incumbent | Cause | Winner | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taranaki-King Country | 1998 | 2 May | Jim Bolger | Resignation | Shane Ardern | |||
Summary of changes during term
- Jim Gerard, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in April 1997 to take up a post as High Commissioner in Ottawa. He was replaced by Annabel Young, the next candidate on National's list.
- Alamein Kopu, an Alliance list MP, resigned from her party in July 1997. She eventually formed her own party, Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata.
- Jim Bolger, having been replaced as Prime Minister by Jenny Shipley in 1997, left Parliament in 1998. This caused a by-election in his Taranaki-King Country seat, won by Shane Ardern of the National Party.
- Neil Kirton, a New Zealand First list MP, resigned from his party in July 1998 after ongoing conflict with its leadership. Kirton opposed his party's coalition with the National Party, and believed that the National Party was too dominant in the agreement. Kirton became an independent.
- After the collapse of the coalition between the National Party and New Zealand First, the junior partner, New Zealand First, splintered. Eight MPs (Jenny Bloxham, Peter Brown, Brian Donnelly, Ron Mark, Robyn McDonald, Winston Peters, Doug Woolerton, and Tu Wyllie) remained with the party, and eight MPs (Ann Batten, Tuariki Delamere, Jack Elder, Tau Henare, Peter McCardle, Tuku Morgan, Deborah Morris, and Rana Waitai) resigned and become independents. The MPs who resigned did not remain united, and eventually split four ways.
- Batten, Elder, Henare, Morgan, and Waitai established the Mauri Pacific party.
- Delamere joined the Te Tawharau party.
- Morris resigned from Parliament. She was replaced by Gilbert Myles, the next candidate on her former party's list. Myles remained attached to New Zealand First.
- McCardle remained an independent.
- Jill White, a Labour Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She was replaced by Helen Duncan, the next candidate on Labour's list.
- Paul East, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1999 to take up a post as High Commissioner in London. He was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on National's list.
- Frank Grover, an Alliance list MP, resigned from his party on 11 June 1999. He joined the Christian Heritage Party.
References
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